شتفان تسڤايگ
| شتفان تسڤايگ Stefan Zweig | |
|---|---|
| وُلـِد |
28 نوفمبر 1881 ڤيينا، النمسا |
| توفي |
22 نوفمبر 1942 پيتر پوليس، البرازيل |
| الوالدان | موريس تسڤايگ (1845-1926) Ida Brettauer (1854-1938) |
| الأقارب | Alfred Zweig (1879-1977) |
شتفان تسڤايگ Stefan Zweig (و. 28 نوفمبر 1881 – ت. 22 فبراير 1942)، هوروائي، محرر مسلسلات، صحفي، ومحرر سيرة نمساوي. كان يعتبر من أشهر كتاب العالم في عشرينيات وثلاثينيات القرن العشرين.
حياته
كان تسڤايگ ابن موريس تسڤايگ (1845–1926)، ثري يهودي صناعي في مجال النسيج، وإدا برتاور (1854–1938)، من عائلة مصرفية يهودية. جوسف برتاور مارس التجارة لعشرين عاماً في أنكونا، إيطاليا، حيث ولدت ونشئت ابنته الثانية إيدا أيضاً. تفهم تسڤايگ الفلسفة في جامعة ڤينا حيث تخرج عام 1904، حاملاً شهادة الدكتوراة وكانت أطروحته بعنوان "فلسفة هيپوليت تاين". لم يلعب الدين دوراً رئيسياً في تعليمه. "كان والدي ووالدتي يهوديان فقط بحكم المولد"، في تعبير نطقها تسڤايگ في احدى اللقاءات. حتى ذلك الوقت لم يتخلى تسڤايگ عن عقيدته اليهودية وخط مراراً عن اليهود واليهودية، مثل قصته "Buchmendel". على الرعم من حتى منطقاته كانت تنشر في Neue Freie Presse، التي كان يرأس تحريرها الزعيم النازي تيودور هرتزل، لم ينجذب تسڤايگ إلى المشروع القومي اليهودي الذي نادى إليه هرزتل، ولا لما نشره هرتزل بعنوان Der Judenstaat. كما أطلق تسڤايگ نفسه على كتاب هرتزل "نص ضعيف،، وتافه", لكن هذا يمكن حتىقد يكون بسبب ملاحظات أموس إلون، to the level of comfortable assimilation enjoyed by Viennese Jews at the time.
كان شتفان تسڤايگ على علاقة بالمحرر التشيكي إيگون هوستوڤسكي. وصف هوستوڤسكي تسڤايگ بأنه "بالشخص القريب جداً"؛ وذكرت بعض المصادر أنه ابن أخيه.
في بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، تأججت المشاعر الوطنية، وانتشرت بين الكثيرين من اليهود والنمساويين، التي أيدها تسڤايگ ومارتين بوبر وهرمان كوهن. بالرغم من وطنيته، رفض تسڤايگ حمل بندقية؛ بدلاً من ذلك فقد خدم في أرشيف وزارة الحرب، وفيما بعد انضم لجبهة السلميين مثل صديقه رومان رولان، الحاصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1915. ظل تسڤايگ من نادىة السلام بقية حياته ونادى إلى توحيد اوروپا. مثل رولان، خط تسڤايگ الكثير من السير. His Erasmus of Rotterdam he called a “concealed self-portrayal” in The World of Yesterday.
فرت زوجته الثانية لوت ألمان إلى النمسا عام 1934، في تولي هتلر الحكم في ألمانيا. ثم عاشا في إنگلترة (في لندن ومن عام 1929 في بيث). بعد التقدم السريع لقوات هتلر ودخولها فرنسا وجميع بلدان اوروپا الغربية، فقد عبرا المحيط الأطلنطي وسافرا إلى الولايات المتحدة، حيث أقاما عام 1940 في مدينة نيويورك. في 22 أغسطس 1940، انتقلا ثانية إلى پيتر پوليس، وهي بلدة في ريودي جانيرو. وبسبب تنامي مشاعر الاضهاد والعنصرية، والتسلط والنازية، والشعور بالاحباط من مستقبل الانسانية، خط تسڤايگ إشارة عن شعوره بالاكتئاب. ثم، في 23 فبراير 1942، وُجد تسڤايگ متوفياً بعد تناوله جرعة زائدة من الباربیتورات في منزله بمدينة پيتر پوليس. كان تسڤايگ يائساً من مستقبل اوروپا وثقافتها. وكان قد خط: "I think it better to conclude in good time and in erect bearing a life in which intellectual labour meant the purest joy and personal freedom the highest good on Earth"..
أعماله
كان تسڤايگ محرراً بارزاً في العشرينيات والثلاثينيات، وكان صديقاً مقرباً من أرثر شنيتزلر وسيگموند فرويد. He was extremely popular in the USA, South America and Europe, and remains so in continental Europe; ومع ذلك، فقد تجاهله الجمهور البريطاني بطريقة كبيرة، ومنذ ذلك الحين تراجعت شهرته في الولايات المتحدة. منذ التسعينيات، بدأت محاولة من جانب مجموعة من الناشرين (أشهرهم پوشكين پريس ونيويورك رڤيوأوبوكس) لدعوة تسڤايگ للكتابة بالإنگليزية مرة أخرى.
Criticism over his oeuvre is severely divided between some English-speaking critics, who despise his literary style as poor, lightweight and superficial, and some of those more attached to the European tradition, who praise his humanism, simplicity and effective style.
Zweig is best known for his novellas (notably The Royal Game, Amok, Letter from an Unknown Woman - filmed in 1948 by Max Ophuls), novels (Beware of Pity, Confusion of Feelings, and the posthumously published The Post Office Girl) and biographies (notably Erasmus of Rotterdam, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, and Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles and also posthumously published, Balzac). At one time his works were published in English under the pseudonym 'Stephen Branch' (a translation of his real name) when anti-German sentiment was running high. His biography of Queen Marie-Antoinette was later adapted for a Hollywood movie, starring the actress Norma Shearer in the title role.
Zweig enjoyed a close association with Richard Strauss, and provided the libretto for Die schweigsame Frau (The Silent Woman). Strauss famously defied the Nazi regime by refusing to sanction the removal of Zweig's name from the program for the work's première on June 24, 1935 in Dresden. As a result, Goebbels refused to attend as planned, and the opera was banned after three performances. Zweig later collaborated with Joseph Gregor, to provide Strauss with the libretto for one other opera, Daphne, in 1937. At least one other work by Zweig received a musical setting: the pianist and composer Henry Jolles, who like Zweig had fled to Brazil to escape the Nazis, composed a song, "Último poema de Stefan Zweig", based on "Letztes Gedicht", which Zweig wrote on the occasion of his 60th birthday in November 1941. During his stay in Brazil, Zweig wrote Brasilien, Ein Land der Zukunft (Brazil, Land of the Future) which was an accurate analysis of his newly adopted country and in his book he managed to demonstrate a fair understanding of the Brazilian culture that surrounded him.
There are important Zweig collections at the British Library and at the State University of New York at Fredonia. The British Library's Stefan Zweig Collection was donated to the library by his heirs in May 1986. It specialises in autograph music manuscripts, including works by Bach, Haydn, Wagner, and Mahler. It has been described as "one of the world's greatest collections of autograph manuscripts". One particularly precious item is Mozart's "Verzeichnüß aller meiner Werke" - that is, the composer's own handwritten thematic catalogue of his works.
المراجع
The dates mentioned below are the dates of first publication in German.
الرواية
- The Love of Erika Ewald, 1904 (Original title: Die Liebe der Erika Ewald)
- Burning Secret, 1913 (Original title: Brennendes Geheimnis)
- Letter from an Unknown Woman, 1922 (Original title: Brief einer Unbekannten) - novella
- Amok, 1922 (Original title: Amok) - novella, initially published with several others in Amok. Novellen einer Leidenschaft
- Fear, 1925 (Original title: Angst. Novelle)
- The Eyes of My Brother, Forever, 1925 (Original title: Die Augen des ewigen Bruders)
- The Invisible Collection see Collected Stories below, (Original title: Die Unsichtbare Sammlung, first published in book form in 'Insel-Almanach auf das Jahr 1927')
- The Refugee, 1927 (Original title: Der Flüchtling. Episode vom Genfer See).
- Confusion of Feelings or Confusion: The Private Papers of Privy Councillor R. Von D, 1927 (Original title: Verwirrung der Gefühle) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
- Twenty-Four Hours in the Life of a Woman, 1927 (Original title: Vierundzwanzig Stunden aus dem Leben einer Frau) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
- Short stories, 1930 (Original title: Kleine Chronik. Vier Erzählungen) - includes Buchmendel
-
Collected Stories, 1936 (Original title: Gesammelte Erzählungen) - two volumes of short stories:
1. The Chains (Original title: Die Kette)
2. Kaleidoscope (Original title: Kaleidoskop). Includes: Casual Knowledge of a Craft, Leporella, Fear, Burning Secret, Summer Novella, The Governess, Buchmendel, The Refugee, The Invisible Collection, Fantastic Night and Moonbeam Alley - Beware of Pity, 1939 (Original title: Ungeduld des Herzens) novel
- The Royal Game or Chess Story (Original title: Schachnovelle; Buenos Aires, 1942) - novella written in 1938-41, published posthumously
- Clarissa, 1981 unfinished novel, published posthumously
- The Post Office Girl, 1982 (Original title: Rausch der Verwandlung. Roman aus dem Nachlaß; The Intoxication of Metamorphosis) - unfinished novel, published posthumously, and in 2008 for the first time in English.
نصوص ومراجع تاريخية
- Béatrice Gonzalés-Vangell, Kaddish et Renaissance, La Shoah dans les romans viennois de Schindel, Menasse et Rabinovici, Septentrion, Valenciennes, 2005, 348 pages.
- Emile Verhaeren, 1910
- Three Masters: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoeffsky, 1920 (Original title: Drei Meister. Balzac – Dickens – Dostojewski)
- رومان رولان. الرجل وأعماله, 1921 (العنوان الأصلي: Romain Rolland. Der Mann und das Werk)
- Nietzsche, 1925 (Originally published in the volume titled: Der Kampf mit dem Dämon. Hölderlin – Kleist – Nietzsche)
- اللحظات الحاسمة في التاريخ، 1927 (العنوان الأصلي: Sternstunden der Menschheit. ترجمت للإنگليزية ونشرت عام 1940 بعنوانThe Tide of Fortune: Twelve Historical Miniatures)
- Adepts in Self-Portraiture: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoy, 1928 (العنوان الأصلي: Drei Dichter ihres Lebens. Casanova – Stendhal – Tolstoi)
- Joseph Fouché, 1929 (Original title: Joseph Fouché. Bildnis eines politischen Menschen) Now available as an electronic book
- Mental Healers: Franz Mesmer, Mary Baker Eddy, Sigmund Freud, 1932 (Original title: Die Heilung durch den Geist. Mesmer, Mary Baker-Eddy, Freud) Now available as an electronic book.
- Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Average Woman, 1932 (Original title: Marie Antoinette. Bildnis eines mittleren Charakters) ISBN 4-87187-855-4
- Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1934 (Original title: Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam)
- Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles or The Queen of Scots, 1935 (Original title: Maria Stuart) ISBN 4-87187-858-9
- The Right to Heresy: Castellio against Calvin, 1936 (Original title: Castellio gegen Calvin oder Ein Gewissen gegen die Gewalt)
- Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, 1938 (Original title: Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat) ISBN 4-87187-856-2
- Amerigo, 1944 (Original title: Amerigo. Geschichte eines historischen Irrtums) - written in 1942, published the day before he died ISBN 4-87187-857-0
- Balzac, 1946 - written, as Richard Friedenthal describes in a postscript, by Zweig in the Brazilian summer capital of Petrópolis, without access to the files, notebooks, lists, tables, editions and monographs that Zweig accumulated for many years and that he took with him to Bath, but that he left behind when he went to America. Friedenthal wrote that Balzac "was to be his magnum opus, and he had been working at it for ten years. It was to be a summing up of his own experience as an author and of what life had taught him." Friedenthal claimed that "The book had been finished", though not every chapter was complete; he used a working copy of the manuscript Zweig left behind him to apply "the finishing touches", and Friedenthal rewrote the final chapters (Balzac, translated by William and Dorothy Rose [New York: Viking, 1946], pp. 399, 402).
مسرحيات
- Tersites, 1907 (Original title: Tersites)
- Das Haus am Meer, 1912
- Jeremiah, 1917 (Original title: Jeremias)
أخرى
- The World of Yesterday (Original title: Die Welt von Gestern; Stockholm, 1942) - autobiography
- Brazil, Land of the Future (Original title: Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft; Bermann-Fischer, Stockholm 1941)
خط عن شتفان تسڤايگ
- Elizabeth Allday, Stefan Zweig: A Critical Biography, J. Philip O'Hara, Inc., Chicago, 1972
- Darin Davis and Oliver Marshall, eds. Stefan and Lotte Zweig's South American Letters: New York, Argentina and Brazil, 1940-42. New York: Continuum, 2010.
- Alberto Dines, Morte no Paraíso, a Tragédia de Stefan Zweig, Editora Nova Fronteira 1981, (rev. ed.) Editora Rocco 2004
- Alberto Dines, Tod im Paradies. Die Tragödie des Stefan Zweig, Edition Büchergilde, 2006
- Randolph J. Klawiter, Stefan Zweig. An International Bibliography, Ariadne Press, Riverside, 1991
- Donald A. Prater, European of Yesterday: A Biography of Stefan Zweig, Holes and Meier Publ., (rev. ed.) 2003
- Marion Sonnenfeld (editor), The World of Yesterday's Humanist Today. Proceedings of the Stafan Zweig Symposium, texts by Alberto Dines, Randolph J. Klawiter, Leo Spitzer and Harry Zohn, State University of New York Press, 1983
- Friderike Zweig, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946 (An account of his life by his first wife)
انظر أيضاً
- كازا شتفان تسڤايگ
- s 100 Books of the Century, a list which includes Confusion of Feelings
المصادر
- ^ Prof.Dr. Klaus Lohrmann "Jüdisches Wien. Kultur-Karte" (2003), Mosse-Berlin Mitte gGmbH (Verlag Jüdische Presse)
- ^ http://moreintelligentlife.com/story/stefan-zweig-secret-superstar
- ^ Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of it All. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 287.
- ^ ibid
- ^ “Egon Hostovský: Vzpomínky, studie a dokumenty o jeho díle a osudu”, Sixty-Eight Publishers, 1974
- ^ Elon, 320
-
^ Júlia Dias Carneiro (April 30, 2009). "Revivendo o país do futuro de Stefan Zweig". Deutsche Welle. Text "http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,4210755,00.html" ignored (help);
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^ "Stefan Zweig, Wife End Lives In Brazil". The United Press in the New York Times. February 23, 1942.
Stefan Zweig, Wife End Lives In Brazil; Austrian-Born Author Left a Note Saying He Lacked the Strength to Go on - Author and Wife Die in Compact: Zweig and Wife Commit Suicide
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^ "Died". Time magazine. March 2, 1942. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
Died. Stefan Zweig, 60, Austrian-born novelist, biographer, essayist (Amok, Adepts in Self-Portraiture, Marie Antoinette), and his wife, Elizabeth; by poison; in Petropolis, Brazil. Born into a wealthy Jewish family in Vienna, Zweig turned from casual globe-trotting to literature after World War I, wrote prolifically, smoothly, successfully in many forms. His books banned by the Nazis, he fled to Britain in 1938 with the arrival of German troops, became a British subject in 1940, moved to the U.S. the same year, to Brazil the next. He was never outspoken against Naziism, believed artists and writers should be independent of politics. Friends in Brazil said he left a suicide note explaining that he was old, a man without a country, too weary to begin a new life. His last book: Brazil: Land of the Future.
- ^ Fowles, John (1981). Introduction to "The Royal Game". New York: Obelisk. pp. ix.
- ^ Walton, Stuart (March 26, 2010). "Stefan Zweig? Just a pedestrian stylist". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Lezard, Nicholas (December 5, 2009). "The World of Yesterday by Stefan Zweig". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
- ^ http://kirjasto.sci.fi/szweig.htm
- ^ Richard Strauss/Stefan Zweig: BriefWechsel, 1957, translated as A Confidential Matter, 1977
- ^ http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/z/zweig/
- ^ Musica Reanimata of Berlin, Henry Jolles accessed January 25, 2009
- ^ Biographical sketch of Stefan Zweig at Casa Stefan Zweig accessed September 28, 2008
- ^ The Zweig Music Collection at the British Library
- ^ Mozart's "Verzeichnüß aller meiner Werke" at the British Library Online Gallery [1] accessed October 14, 2009
- ^ http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6308795M/unsichtbare_sammlung.
- ^ "Stefan Zweig." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 21 November 2010 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
وصلات خارجية
- Zweig Music Collection at the British Library
- Stefan Zweig Collection at the Daniel A. Reed Library, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY
- Stefan Zweig Online Bibliography, a wiki hosted by Daniel A. Reed Library, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY
- StefanZweig.org
- StefanZweig.de
- StefanZweig.eu
- Stefan Zweig Centre Salzburg
- PushkinPress.com English editions of Stefan Zweig's novellas
- 'Beware of Pity' - The New York Review of Books at www.nybooks.com A lengthy review of Beware of Pity June 2006
- Stefan Zweig: The Secret Superstar, from Intelligent Life Magazine
- "No Exit"; an article on Zweig at Tablet Magazine
