معاهدة لشبونة
Treaty of Lisbon

معاهدة لشبونة تعدّل معاهدة الاتحاد الاوروبي والمعاهدة المؤسسة للمجتمع الاوروبي
النوع	معدِلة للمعاهدات السابقة
المسودة	7–8 سبتمبر 2007
التوقيع	13 ديسمبر 2007
المكان	لشبونة, البرتغال
الختم	18 ديسمبر 2007
تاريخ السريان	1 يناير 2009
الحالة	موافقة جميع الأعضاء في الإتحاد الأوروبي
المسقطون	أعضاء الإتحاد الأوروبي
المودع لديه	حكومة إيطاليا
اللغات	23 لغات الإتحاد الأوروبي
معاهدة لشبونة في فهم المصادر

معاهدة لشبونة بالإنجليزية Treaty of Lisbon، هي معاهدة إصلاح ترسي للإتحاد الأوروبي أساسا جديداً، سقطت من قبل رؤساء الحكومات والدول الأوروبية في 13 ديسمبر 2007، في مدينة لشبونة البرتغالية.

التاريخ

خلفية تاريخية

The need to review the EU's constitutional framework, particularly in light of the accession of ten new Member States in 2004, was highlighted in a declaration annexed to the Treaty of Nice in 2001. The agreements at Nice had paved the way for further enlargement of the Union by reforming voting procedures. The Laeken declaration of December 2001 committed the EU to improving democracy, transparency and efficiency, and set out the process by which a constitution could be arrived at. The European Convention was established, presided over by former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and was given the task of consulting as widely as possible across Europe with the aim of producing a first draft of the Constitution. The Convention consisted mainly of representatives of national parliaments, not only from existing Member States but also from candidate countries, as well as representatives of heads of state and government. It published its final draft in July 2003. The final text of the proposed Constitution was agreed upon at the summit meeting on 18-19 June 2004 under the presidency of Ireland.

The Constitution, having been agreed by heads of government from the 25 Member States, was signed at a ceremony in Rome on 29 October 2004. Before it could enter into force, however, it had to be unanimously ratified by each member state. Ratification took different forms in each country, depending on the traditions, constitutional arrangements, and political processes of each country. In 2005, Dutch and French voters rejected the European Constitution in national referenda. While the majority of the Member States already had ratified the European Constitution, mostly through parliamentary ratification (though Spain and Luxembourg held referenda), due to the requirement of unanimity to amend the constitutional treaties of the EU, it became clear that it could not enter into force. This led to a "period of reflection" and the political end of the proposed European Constitution.

دفعة جديدة

في 2007, ألمانيا took over the rotating EU Presidency and declared the period of reflection over. By March, the 50th anniversary of the معاهدات روما, برلين Declaration was adopted by all Member States. This declaration outlined the intention of all Member States to agree on a new treaty in time for the 2009 Parliamentary elections, that is to have a ratified treaty before mid-2009.

Already before the Berlin Declaration, the Amato Group (officially the Action Committee for European Democracy, ACED) - a group of European politicians, backed by the Barroso Commission with two representatives in the group – worked unofficially on rewriting the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (EU Constitution). On أربعة June 2007 the group released their text in French – cut from 63,000 words in 448 articles in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe to 12,800 in 70 articles. In the Berlin Declaration, the EU leaders unofficially set a new timeline for the new treaty;

الجدول الزمني

الإتحاد الأوروبي في يونيو

On 21 June 2007 the European Council met in Brussels to agree upon the foundation of a new treaty to replace the rejected Constitution. The meeting took place under the German Presidency of the EU Council, with Chancellor Angela Merkel leading the negotiations as President-in-Office of the European Council. After the Council quickly dealt with its other business, such as deciding on the accession of Cyprus and مالطة to the Eurozone, negotiations on the Treaty took over and lasted until the morning of 23 June 2007. The hardest part of the negotiations was reported to be Poland's insistence on 'square root' voting in the EU Council.

Agreement was reached on a 16-page mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference, that proposed removing much of the constitutional terminology and many of the symbols from the old European Constitution text. In addition it was agreed to recommend to the IGC that the provisions of the old European Constitution should be amended in certain key aspects (such as voting or foreign policy). Due to pressure from the United Kingdom and Poland, it was also decided to add a protocol to the Charter of fundamental human rights within the EU (clarifying that it did not extend the rights of the courts to overturn domestic law in Britain or Poland). Among the specific changes were greater ability to opt-out in certain areas of legislation and that the proposed new voting system that was part of the European Constitution would not be used before 2014 (see Provisions below).

In the June meeting, the name 'Reform Treaty' also emerged, finally clarifying that the Constitutional approach was abandoned. Technically it was agreed that the Reform Treaty would amend both the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC) to include most provisions of the European Constitution, however not to combine them into one document. It was also agreed to rename the Treaty establishing the European Community, which is the main functional agreement including most of the substantive provisions of European primary law, to "Treaty on the Functioning of the Union". In addition it was agreed, that unlike the European Constitution where a Charter was part of the document, there would only be a reference to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to make that text legally binding. Many of the amendments followed the procedures suggested by the Amato Group.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} After the council, Poland indicated they wished to re-open some areas. During June, Poland's Prime Minister had controversially stated that Poland would have a substantially larger population were it not for الحرب العالمية الثانية. An other issue was that Dutch prime minister Jan-Peter Balkenende sat a greater role for national parliaments in the EU decision making process to be a 'red line' of his; something he succeeded with.

المؤتمر الحكومى الدولى

Portugal had pressed and supported Germany to reach an agreement on a mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) under their presidency. After the June negotiations and final settlement on a 16-page framework for the new Reform Treaty, the Intergovernmental conference on actually drafting the new treaty commenced on 23 July 2007. The IGC opened following a short ceremony. The Portuguese presidency presented a 145 page document (with an extra 132 pages of 12 protocols and 51 declarations) entitled the "Draft Treaty amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community" and made it available on the Council of the European Union website as a starting point for the drafting process.

In addition to government representatives and legal scholars from each member state, the European Parliament sent three representatives. These were conservative Elmar Brok, social democratic Enrique Baron Crespo and liberal Andrew Duff.

Before the opening of the IGC, the Polish government expressed a desire to renegotiate the June agreement, notably over the voting system, but relented under political pressure by most other Member States, due to a desire not to be seen as the sole trouble maker over the negotiations. However, according to some media reports, during the drafting process, Poland and Ireland may join the UK in its opt-out of the Charter on human rights, and Poland may call for further codification of rules regarding the ability of countries to delay legislation. Despite an opt-out for Ireland having been negotiated, the ICTU had stated it would push for a no vote, if the opt-out had been exercised. In the end, the opt-out for Ireland was not exercised in this area.

الإتحاد الأوروبي في أكتوبر

The October European Council consisted of legal experts from all Member States scrutinising the final drafts of the Treaty. During the council, it became clear that the Reform Treaty would be called Treaty of Lisbon because its signing would take place in Lisbon, Portugal, the holder of Council's presidency at the time. This naming practice is in line with most EU treaties in the past (the Maastricht Treaty was signed in Maastricht etc.).

At the European Council meeting on 18 October and 19 October 2007 in Lisbon, a few last-minute concessions were made to ensure the signing of the treaty:

• Italy gained an additional MEP, while the President of the EP would be counted as an extra MEP (thus keeping the 750 MEP ceiling);
• Poland got a slightly stronger wording for the revived Ioannina Compromise, plus a nomination for an additional Advocate General at the European Court of Justice. The creation of the permanent "Polish" Advocate General is formally conditioned by an increase of the number of Advocates General fromثمانية to 11.
• Austria got a suspension of the court case over its student quotas;
• Bulgaria succeeded in having the Cyrillic transcription of "euro" be spelt "евро" to sound "evro" (instead of "еуро" as requested by the European Central Bank).

Portugal's Prime Minister José Sócrates lead the negotiations as President-in-Office of the European Council.

التوقيع

تم سقط المعاهدة في 13 ديسمبر 2007 رؤساء حكومات الدول الأعضاء في دير جرونيموس في لشبونة, الپرتغال. رئيس الوزراء البريطاني گوردون براون انقدته قطاعات من الإعلام لعدم مشاركته في الإحتفال الرئيسي, وبدلاً من ذلك فقد سقط على الإتفاقية على حدة بعد بضعة ساعات من توقيع الوفود الأخرى. وجوب مثوله أمام لجنة برلمانية بريطانية ذُكر كسبب لتغيبه.

الهيكل

معاهدة لشبونة هي سلسلة من التعديلات على معاهدة الاتحاد الاوروبي (ماستريخت) والمعاهدة المؤسسة للمجتمع الاوروبي (روما), والأخيرة تم تعديل اسمها ليصبح 'معاهدة تفعيل الاتحاد الاوروبي'. وتتكون فقط من cross-references تعدل المعاهدات الحالية, وغير مقصود منها حتى تكون في حد ذاتها نصاً عادياً, على النقيض من الدستور الاوروبي التي كانت وثيقة واحدة قابلة للقراءة.

المعاهدة تنقسم إلى عدة أجزاء:

Article 1: Preamble

• Changes to the Treaty on European Union
  (Article 1, Page 3-40)
• Changes to the Treaty establishing the European Community
  (Article 2, Page 41-150)
• Final provisions
  (Article 3-7, Page 151-152)
• Protocols
• Declarations

بنود الإتفاقية

- يتم مستقبلاً اختيار رئيس المجلس الأوروبي في وظيفة رئيس لمجلس الاتحاد لمدة عامين ونصف.

- التمثيل الخارجي للإتحاد الأوروبي: يقوم الممثل الأعلى لسياسة الاتحاد الأوروبي الخارجية والأمنية بإدارة مجلس وزراء الخارجية ويتولى منصب نائب رئيس المفوضية الأوروبية.

- إدخال الأغلبية المزدوجة ومواصلة خفض المجالات التي يتم فيها التصويت دون معارضة يعملان على تسهيل عملية اتخاذ القرارات بصورة ملموسة.

- ستكون موضوعات حماية المناخ وأمن الطاقة بمثابة حجر الزاوية للسياسة الأوروبية.

- يتم التوسع في التعاون الذي يضم الدول في مجالات الشرطة والقضاء.

- يصبح الاتحاد الأوروبي أكثر شفافية وكفاءة، كما يتم الفصل بشكل واضح بين المهام والاختصاصات فيما بين الاتحاد والدول الأعضاء.

- تعزيز الديمقراطية وحماية القانون الأساسي في الاتحاد الأوروبي.

- تحسين الشرعية الديمقراطية للاتحاد الأوروبي وحماية الحقوق الأساسية للمواطنين بشكل كبير.

- يتم توسيع اختصاصات البرلمان الأوروبي، حيث يصبح إلى جانب المجلس مشرعاً على قدم المساواة، كما سيقوم مستقبلاً باختيار رئيس المفوضية الأوروبية.

- تعزيز حقوق المشاركة في التأثير والرقابة للبرلمانات الوطنية.

- تصبح رغبات المواطنين الأوروبيين قابلة للتحقق، حيث يستطيع المواطنون من مختلف الدول الأعضاء مطالبة المفوضية الأوروبية باقتراح قانون ما، وذلك بجمع مليون توقيع على الأقل.

- يصبح ميثاق الإتحاد الأوروبي للحقوق الأساسية من خلال معاهدة لشبونة أمراً ملزماً قانوناً.

قيد التطبيق

الهدف هوالوصول لتطبيق هذه الإتفاقية في غضون يناير 2009 ، وقد تم في جميع دول الاتحاد الأوروبي تقريباً المصادقة على معاهدة الإصلاح من خلال البرلمانات ، فقط في إيرلندا هناك تمسك بأن يُجرى تصويت شعبي ؛ وفي ألمانيا هناك سعي للحصول على موافقة من البرلمان الألماني والمجلس الاتحادي حتى 23 مايو2008.

أحكام خاصة بالنسبة للدول الأعضاء

المملكة المتحدة وبولندا

The United Kingdom and Poland have both fought for the inclusion of a protocol to prevent the full application of the "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" by the European Court of Justice in their countries, although it would still bind the EU institutions and apply to the field of EU law:

Though the Civic Platform party in Poland had signalled during the 2007 parliamentary elections that it would not seek to opt-out from the Charter, Prime Minister Tusk has since stated that Poland will not sign up to the Charter. Tusk declared that the deals negotiated by the previous Polish government will be honoured, though suggested that Poland may eventually sign up to the Charter at a later date.

أيرلندا والمملكة المتحدة

The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom have opted out from the change from unanimous decisions to qualified majority voting in the sector of police and judicial affairs; this decision will be reviewed in Ireland three years after the treaty enters into force (if referendum allows). Both states will be able to opt-in on these voting issues on a case-by-case basis.

Member States can have opt-outs from some of these policy areas (e.g. UK opt-out from some legislation in the area of freedom, security and justice).

The Treaty will provide countries with a chance to opt out of certain EU policies in the area of police and criminal law – as pushed for by the UK, supported by the Czech Republic. Provisions in the Treaty framework draft from the June 2007 summit stated that the division of power between Member States and the Union is a two-way process, implying that powers can be taken back from the union.

التصديق على المعاهدة

The Lisbon Treaty was signed on 13 December 2007 and is scheduled to be ratified in all Member States by the end of 2008, entering into force on 1 يناير 2009 ahead of the next European elections. If there is a delay in ratification pushing it beyond that date, it will come into force on the first day of the month following the last ratification.

Most states have or will ratify through parliamentary vote, but Ireland is obliged to hold a referendum by its constitution. Additionally, there were unsuccessful calls for the government to hold referenda in some other member states.

Hungary's national assembly was the first to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon on 17 December 2007. Since then, the number of Member States which have completed ratification has risen to thirteen of the total twenty-seven.

Signatory	Final vote date	الغرفة			تغيب	Deposition	Ref.
نمسا	9 أبريل 2008	National Council	151	27	0
	24 أبريل 2008	Federal Council	58	4	0
بلجيكا	6 مارس 2008	Senate	48	8	1
	10 أبريل 2008	Chamber of Representatives	116	18	7
	Mid-July 2008	البرلمان الإقليمي لبروكسل
	منتصف يوليو2008	البرلمان الفلمنكي
	منتصف يوليو2008	برلمان والون
	Mid-July 2008	برلمان المجتمع الفرنسي
	منتصف يوليو2008
بلغاريا	21 March 2008	المجلس الوطني	195	15	30	28 أبريل 2008
قبرص	TBD	House of Representatives
التشيك	TBD	Chamber of Deputies
	TBD	Senate
الدنمارك	24 أبريل 2008	Diet	90	25	0
إستونيا	May 2008	Diet
فنلندا incl.  أولاند	Autumn 2008	Parliament
	TBD	Åland Parliament
فرنسا	7 فبراير 2008	National Assembly	336	52	22	14 فبراير 2008
	7 فبراير 2008	Senate	265	42	13
ألمانيا	24 أبريل 2008	Federal Diet	515	58	1
	23 May 2008	Federal Council
اليونان	Spring 2008	Assembly of the Greeks
المجر	17 December 2007	National Assembly	325	5	14	6 فبراير 2008
أيرلندا	12 يونيو2008	Referendum
	TBD	House of Representatives
	TBD	Senate
إيطاليا	TBD	Chamber of Deputies
	TBD	Senate of the Republic
لاتفيا	8 May 2008	Diet	70	3	1
لتوانيا	8 مايو2008	Diet	83	5	23
لوكسمبورگ	يونيو2008	Chamber of Deputies
مالطا	29 يناير 2008	House of Representatives	65	0	0	6 فبراير 2008
هولندا	يونيو2008	الغرفة الثانية
	Autumn 2008	First Chamber
بولندا	1 أبريل 2008	House of Representatives	384	56	12
	2 أبريل 2008	Senate	74	17	6
البرتغال	23 أبريل2008	Assembly of the Republic	208	22	0
رومانيا	4 فبراير 2008	Parliament	387	1	1
سلوفاكيا	10 أبريل 2008	National Council	103	5	1
سلوفينيا	29 يناير 2008	National Assembly	74	6	0	24 أبريل 2008
إسپانيا	TBD	Congress of Deputies
	TBD	Senate
السويد	November 2008	Diet
المملكة المتحدة incl. الجبل الأسود	11 March 2008	House of Commons	346	206	81
	11 يونيو2008	House of Lords
	TBD	Gibraltar Parliament
الاتحاد الأوروپي	20 فبراير 2008	European Parliament	525	115	29	N/A

جمهورية التشيك

قرر مجلس الشيوخ التشيكي حتى يؤجل التصويت على المعاهدة وطلب من المحكمة الدستورية رأيها في المعاهدة ليرى إذا ما كانت متفقة مع القانون أم لا.

ألمانيا

A court case at the Constitutional Court of Germany may delay the passage of the treaty.

أيرلندا

Due to a provision in its constitution Ireland is the only Member State set to hold a referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon, in addition to a parliamentary vote. An opinion poll released 11 May showed 38% intending to vote 'yes', 28% to vote 'no', and 34% were undecided.

المملكة المتحدة

The Treaty of Lisbon was greeted with controversy in the United Kingdom. The main argument of the largest opposition party was that the ruling Labour Party had promised a referendum over the country's ratification of the Constitution, but would not hold one on the Treaty of Lisbon. In response, the Government argued that the treaty does not require a referendum due to the UK's special provisions in the Treaty. The House of Commons approved the Treatyخمسة March 2008.

انظر أيضا

• الإتحاد الأوروبي

نطقب:Topics on the Treaty of Lisbon

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Reform Treaty | Reform Treaty ]].

مواقع رسمية

• Official website – Europa
  • Treaty of Lisbon (the amendments)
  • Consolidated Treaty on EU and Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (the result of the amendments)
  • Intergovernmental Conference 2007
  • Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007, Presidency Conclusions
• Irish Government information site for the Reform Treaty – Irish Department of Foreign Affairs
• 10 Myths about the Reform Treaty – British Foreign and Commonwealth Office

الإعلام

• Q&A: The Lisbon Treaty – BBC News
• The 'Treaty of Lisbon' – EurActiv
• The EU following the Lisbon Treaty – Eur-charts visualization
• The new EU reform treaty – Federal Union
• Q&A: the EU reform treaty – The Times

المصادر

نطقب:European Union-related topics