النطاقات الطبيعية لاختبارات الدم
| الطبيعية |
|---|
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In:
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النطاقات الطبيعية لاختبارات الدم Reference ranges for blood tests، هي مجموعات القيم المستخدم من قبل مقدموالرعاية الصحية بتفسير الاختبارات الطبية المجراة على عينات الدم.
يتم دراسة النطاقات الطبيعية لاختبارات الدم في تخصص الكيمياء السريرية (وتعهد أيضاً "بالكيمياء الحيوية السريرية"، "الپاثولوجيا الكيميائية"، أو"كيمياء الدم النقي")، أحد فروع الپاثولوجيا والتي هجرز بصفة عامة على تحليل سوائل الجسم.
التفسير
الپلازما أوالدم بالكامل
الوحدات
شرياني أووريدي
معتاد أوأمثل
التغيرية
مرتبة حسب الهجريز
صورة منفصلة قابلة للطباعة للمتاح عن الكتلة أوالمولية.
حسب الكتلة أوالمولية
حسب الوحدات
حسب الانزيم النشط
خلايا الدم البيضاء
مرتبة حسب التصنيف
الأيونات والفلزات النزرة
| الاختبار | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| الصوديوم (Na) | 135, 137 | 145, 147 | mmol/L or mEq/L | |
| 310, 320 | 330, 340 | mg/dl | ||
| الپوتاسيوم (K) | 3.5, 3.6 | 5.0, 5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L | See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
| 14 | 20 | mg/dl | ||
| الكلور (Cl) | 95, 98, 100 | 105, 106, 110 | mmol/L or mEq/L | |
| 340 | 370 | mg/dl | ||
| الكالسيوم المؤين (Ca) | 1.03, 1.10 | 1.23, 1.30 | mmol/L | |
| 4.1, 4.4 | 4.9, 5.2 | mg/dL | ||
| الكالسيوم الكلي (Ca) | 2.1, 2.2 | 2.5, 2.6, 2.8 | mmol/L | |
| 8.4, 8.5 | 10.2, 10.5 | mg/dL | ||
| حديد المصل الكلي (TSI) - ذكر | 65, 76 | 176, 198 | µg/dL | |
| 11.6, 13.6 | 30, 32, 35 | μmol/L | ||
| حديد المصل الكلي (TSI) - أنثى | 26, 50 | 170 | µg/dL | |
| 4.6, 8.9 | 30.4 | μmol/L | ||
| حديد المصل الكلي (TSI) - حديثي الولادة | 100 | 250 | µg/dL | |
| 18 | 45 | µmol/L | ||
| حديد المصل الكلي (TSI) - الأطفال | 50 | 120 | µg/dL | |
| 9 | 21 | µmol/L | ||
| السعة الكلية لرابطة الحديد (TIBC) | 240, 262 | 450, 474 | μg/dL | |
| 43, 47 | 81, 85 | µmol/L | ||
| الترانسفيرين | 190, 194, 204 | 326, 330, 360 | mg/dL | |
| 25 | 45 | μmol/L | ||
| تشبع الترانسفيرين | 20 | 50 | % | |
| الفيريتين - ذكر | 12 | 300 | ng/mL | |
| 27 | 670 | pmol/L | ||
| الفيريتين - أنثى | 12 | 150 | ng/mL | |
| 27 | 330 | pmol/L | ||
| الأمونيا | 10, 20 | 35, 65 | μmol/L | |
| 17, 34 | 60, 110 | μg/dL | ||
| النحاس (Cu) | 70 | 150 | µg/dL | |
| 11 | 24 | μmol/L | ||
| السيرولوپلازمين | 15 | 60 | mg/dL | |
| 1 | 4 | μmol/L | ||
| الفوسفات (HPO42−) | 0.8 | 1.5 | mmol/L | |
| الفسوفور الغير عضوي (مصل) | 1.0 | 1.5 | mmol/L | |
| 3.0 | 4.5 | mg/dL | ||
| الزنك (Zn) | 60, 72 | 110, 130 | μg/dL | |
| 9.2, 11 | 17, 20 | µmol/L | ||
| الماغنسيوم | 1.5, 1.7 | 2.0, 2.3 | mEq/L or mg/dL | |
| 0.6, 0.7 | 0.82, 0.95 | mmol/L |
الحمضي-قاعدي وغازات الدم
| الاختبار | شرياني/وريدي | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| الأس الهيدروجيني | شرياني | 7.34, 7.35 | 7.44, 7.45 | ||
| وريدي | 7.31 | 7.41 | |||
| [H+] | Arterial | 36 | 44 | nmol/L | |
| 3.6 | 4.4 | ng/dL | |||
| فائض القاعدة | Arterial & venous | -3 | +3 | mEq/L | |
| ضغط الجزئي للأكسجين (pO2) | 10, 11 | 13, 14 | kPa | ||
| 75, 83 | 100, 105 | mmHg or torr | |||
| وريدي | 4.0 | 5.3 | kPa | ||
| 30 | 40 | mmHg or torr | |||
| تشبع الأكسجين | Arterial | 94, 95, 96 | 100 | % | |
| وريدي | حوالي 75 | ||||
| الضغط الجزئي لثاني أكسيد الكربون (PCO2) | 4.4, 4.7 | 5.9, 6.0 | kPa | ||
| 33, 35 | 44, 45 | mmHg or torr | |||
| وريدي | 5.5 | 6.8 | kPa | ||
| 41 | 51 | mmHg or torr | |||
| المحتوى المطلق لثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) | شرياني | 23 | 30 | mmol/L | |
| 100 | 132 | mg/dL | |||
| بيكربونات (HCO3-) | شرياني ووريدي | 18 | 23 | mmol/L | |
| 110 | 140 | mg/dL | |||
| البيكربونات القياسية (SBCe) | Arterial & venous | 21, 22 | 27, 28 | mmol/L or mEq/L | |
| 134 | 170 | mg/dL | |||
وظائف الكبد
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| الپروتين الكلي | 60, 63 | 78, 82, 84 | g/L | see hypoproteinemia | |
| الألبومين | 35 | 48, 55 | g/L | see hypoalbuminemia | |
| 3.5 | 4.8, 5.5 | U/L | |||
| 540 | 740 | μmol/L | |||
| الگلوبيولين | 23 | 35 | g/L | ||
| البيليروبين الكلي | 1.7, 2, 3.4, 5 | 17, 22, 25 | μmol/L | ||
| 0.1, 0.2, 0.29 | 1.0, 1.3, 1.4 | mg/dL | |||
| البيليروبين المباشر/المترافق | 0.0 or N/A | 5, 7 | μmol/L | ||
| 0 | 0.3, 0.4 | mg/dL | |||
| آلانين ترانسأميناز (ALT/ALAT) | 5, 7, 8 | 20, 21, 56 | U/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) | |
| Female | 0.15 | 0.75 | µkat/L | ||
| ذكر | 0.15 | 1.1 | |||
| أسپارتات ترانسأميناز (AST/ASAT) | أنثى | 6 | 34 | IU/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| 0.25 | 0.60 | µkat/L | |||
| ذكر | 8 | 40 | IU/L | ||
| 0.25 | 0.75 | µkat/L | |||
| الفوسفاتاز القلوي (ALP) | أنثى | 42 | 98 | U/L | |
| ذكر | 53 | 128 | |||
| (نشاط الانزيم) | 0.6 | 1.8 | µkat/L | ||
| گاما گلوتاميل ترانسبيبتيداز (GGT) | 5, 8 | 40, 78 | U/L | ||
| النساء | 0.63 | µkat/L | |||
| الرجال | 0.92 | µkat/L |
اختبارات القلب
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات | |
| كرياتين كيناز (CK) | ذكر | 24, 38, 60 | 174, 320 | U/L or ng/mL |
||
| 0.42 | 1.5 | µkat/L | ||||
| أنثى | 24, 38, 96 | 140, 200 | U/L or ng/mL |
|||
| 0.17 | 1.17 | µkat/L | ||||
| CK-MB | 0 | 3, 3.8, 5 | ng/mL or μg/L | |||
| الميوگلوبين | أنثى | 1 | 66 | ng/mL or µg/L | ||
| ذكر | 17 | 106 | ||||
|
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) | |
| التفسير | النطاق / Cutoff |
|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure unlikely | < 100 pg/mL |
| "Gray zone" | 100-500 pg/mL |
| من المرجح حتىقد يكون قصور القلب | >500 pg/mL |
|
NT-proBNP | ||
| التفسير | العمر | Cutoff |
|---|---|---|
| من المرجح حتىقد يكون قصور القلب | < 75years | > 125 pg/mL |
| >75 years | >450pg/mL | |
الدهون
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | الهدف العلاجي |
| Triglycerides | 10 – 39 سنة | 54 | 110 | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| 0.61 | 1.2 | mmol/L | |||
| 40 – 59 سنة | 70 | 150 | mg/dL | ||
| 0.77 | 1.7 | mmol/L | |||
| > 60 سنة | 80 | 150 | mg/dL | ||
| 0.9 | 1.7 | mmol/L | |||
| الكوليسترول الكلي | 3.0, 3.6 | 5.0, 6.5 | mmol/L | < 3.9 | |
| 120, 140 | 200, 250 | mg/dL | < 150 | ||
| HDL cholesterol | أنثى | 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 | 2.2 | mmol/L | > 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L > 40 or 60 mg/dL |
| 40, 50 | 86 | mg/dL | |||
| HDL cholesterol | ذكر | 0.9 | 2.0 | mmol/L | |
| 35 | 80 | mg/dL | |||
|
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L) |
2.0, 2.4 | 3.0, 3.4 | mmol/L | < 2.5 | |
| 80, 94 | 120, 130 | mg/dL | < 100 | ||
| LDL/HDL quotient | n/a | 5 | (unitless) |
واصمات الأورام
| الاختبار | Cutoff | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | 44 | ng/mL or µg/L | Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer |
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) | 5 | IU/l or mU/ml | in male and non-pregnant female |
| CA19-9 | 40 | U/ml | سرطان الپنكرياس |
| CA-125 | 30, 35 | kU/L or U/mL | |
|
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) غير المدخنين في سن 50 عام |
3.4, 3.6 | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) غير المدخنين في سن 70 عام |
4.1 | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - المدخنين | 5 | μg/l | |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 2.5, 4 | μg/L or ng/mL | below age 45 <2.5 μg/L |
| PAP | 3 | units/dL (Bodansky units) | |
|
Calcitonin |
5, 15 | ng/L or pg/mL | Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer |
فهم الغدد الصماء
هرمونات الغدة الدرقية
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) |
البالغون - النطاق القياسي |
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 | 4.0, 4.5, 6.0 | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| البالغلون- optimal range |
0.3, 0.5 | 2.0, 3.0 | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| الرضع | 1.3 | 19 | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) |
Normal adult | 0.7, 0.8 | 1.4, 1.5, 1.8 | ng/dL |
| 9, 10, 12 | 18, 23 | pmol/L | ||
| Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y |
0.8 | 2.0 | ng/dL | |
| 10 | 26 | pmol/L | ||
| الحوامل | 0.5 | 1.0 | ng/dL | |
| 6.5 | 13 | pmol/L | ||
| الثيروكسين الكلي | 4, 5.5 | 11, 12.3 | μg/dL | |
| 60 | 140, 160 | nmol/L | ||
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 0.2 | 0.5 | ng/dL |
| 3.1 | 7.7 | pmol/L | ||
| الأطفال 2-16 عام | 0.1 | 0.6 | ng/dL | |
| 1.5 | 9.2 | pmol/L | ||
| Total triiodothyronine | 60, 75 | 175, 181 | ng/dL | |
| 0.9, 1.1 | 2.5, 2.7 | nmol/L | ||
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) | 12 | 30 | mg/L | |
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | 1.5 | 30 | pmol/L | |
| 1 | 20 | μg/L |
هرمونات الجنس
Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dihydrotestosterone | ذكر بالغ | 30 | 85 | ng/dL |
| تستوستيرون | ذكر، عموماً | 8, 10 | 27, 35 | nmol/L |
| 230, 300 | 780 - 1000 | ng/dL | ||
| ذكر < 50 عام | 10 | 45 | nmol/L | |
| 290 | 1300 | ng/dL | ||
| ذكر> 50 عام | 6.2 | 26 | nmol/L | |
| 180 | 740 | ng/dL | ||
| أثى | 0.7 | 2.8 - 3.0 | nmol/L | |
| 20 | 80 - 85 | ng/dL | ||
| 17-Hydroxyprogesterone | ذكر | 0.06 | 3.0 | mg/L |
| 0.18 | 9.1 | µmol/l | ||
| أنثى (الفترة الجرابية) | 0.2 | 1.0 | mg/L | |
| 0.6 | 3.0 | µmol/l | ||
|
hormone (FSH) |
Prepubertal | <1 | 3 | IU/L |
| ذكر بالغ | 1 | 8 | ||
| أنثى بالغة (follicular and luteal phase) |
1 | 11 | ||
| أنثى بالغة (التبويض) | 6 95% PI (standard) |
26 95% PI) |
||
| 5 90% PI (used in diagram) |
15 (90% PI) |
|||
| أنثى بعد انقطاع الطمث | 30 | 118 | ||
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Female, peak | 20 90% PI (used in diagram) |
75 (90% PI) |
IU/L |
| أنثى بعد انقطاع الطمث | 15 | 60 | ||
| ذكر فوق 18+ | 2 | 9 | ||
|
Estradiol (كاستروجين) |
Adult male | 50 | 200 | pmol/L |
| 14 | 55 | pg/mL | ||
| أنثى بالغة (خمسة أيامخمسة من follicular phase, and luteal phase) |
70 | 500, 600 | pmol/L | |
| 19 | 140, 160 | pg/mL | ||
| أنثى بالغة - free (not protein bound) | 0.5 | 9 | pg/mL | |
| 1.7 | 33 | pmol/L | ||
| أنثى بعد انقطاع الطمث | N/A | < 130 | pmol/L | |
| N/A | < 35 | pg/mL | ||
|
پروجسترون |
Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23) | 17, 35 | 92 | nmol/L |
| 6, 11 | 29 | ng/mL | ||
| أندروستينديون | ذكر وأنثى بالغين | 60 | 270 | ng/dL |
| أنثى بعد انقطاع الطمث | < 180 | |||
| Prepubertal | < 60 | |||
| Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | Adult male and female | 30 | 400 | µg/dL |
|
SHBG |
Adult female | 40 | 120 | nmol/L |
| ذكر بالغ | 20 | 60 | ||
|
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) |
13–45 years | 0.7 | 20 | ng/mL |
| 5 | 140 | pmol/l |
هرمونات أخرى
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 4.4 | 18, 22 | pmol/L | |
| 20 | 80, 100 | pg/mL | ||
| Cortisol | 09:00 am | 140 | 700 | nmol/L |
| 5 | 25 | μg/dL | ||
| Midnight | 80 | 350 | nmol/L | |
| 2.9 | 13 | μg/dL | ||
| Growth hormone (fasting) | 0 | 5 | ng/mL | |
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) | 7 | n/a | ng/mL | |
|
IGF-1 |
أنثى، 20 عام | 110 | 420 | ng/mL |
| أنثى، 75 عام | 55 | 220 | ||
| ذكر، 20 عام | 160 | 390 | ||
| ذكر، 75 عام | 48 | 200 | ||
|
Prolactin |
أنثى | 71، 105 | 348, 548 | mIU/L |
| 3.4, 3.9 | 16.4, 20.3 | µg/L | ||
| ذكر | 58, 89 | 277, 365 | mIU/L | |
| 2.7, 3.3 | 13.0, 13.5 | µg/L | ||
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | 10, 17 | 65, 70 | pg/mL | |
| 1.1, 1.8 | 6.9, 7.5 | pmol/L | ||
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) -Standard reference range |
8, 9 | 40, 80 | ng/mL | |
| 20, 23 | 95, 150 | nmol/L | ||
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol -Therapeutic target range |
30, 40 | 65, 100 | ng/mL | |
| 85, 100 | 120, 160 | nmol/L | ||
| Plasma renin activity | 0.29, 1.9 | 3.7 | ng/(mL*hour) | |
| 3.3, 21 | 41 | mcU/mL | ||
|
Aldosterone |
Adult | 19, 34.0 | ng/dL | |
| 530, 940 | pmol/L | |||
|
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio |
Adult | 13.1, 35.0 | ng/dl per ng/(mL·h) | |
| 360, 970 | pmol/liter per µg/(L·h) |
الڤيتامينات
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | النطاق القياسي | الوحدة | Optimal range | ||
| الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | |||
| ڤيتامين أ | 30 | 65 | µg/dL | |||
| [ڤيتامين بي 9|ڤيتامين ب9]] (حمض الفوليك/الفولات) - Serum |
Age > 1year | 3.0 | 16 | ng/mL or μg/L | 5 | |
| 6.8 | 36 | nmol/l | 11 | |||
|
(حمض الفوليك/الفولات) - Red blood cells |
200 | 600 | ng/mL or μg/L | |||
| 450 | 1400 | nmol/L | ||||
| الحامل | ng/mL or μg/L | 400 | ||||
| nmol/L | 900 | |||||
| (Cobalamin) | 130, 160 | 700, 950 | ng/L | |||
| 100, 120 | 520, 700 | pmol/L | ||||
|
Homocysteine |
3.3, 5.9 | 7.2, 15.3 | μmol/L | 6.3 | ||
| 45, 80 | 100, 210 | μg/dL | 85 | |||
| ڤيتامين ج (Ascorbic acid) | 0.4 | 1.5 | mg/dL | 0.9 | ||
| 23 | 85 | μmol/L | 50 | |||
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) | 8, 9 | 40, 80 | ng/mL | 30, 40 | 65, 100 | |
| 20, 23 | 95, 150 | nmol/L | 85, 100 | 120, 160 | ||
| ڤيتامين هـ | μmol/L | 28 | ||||
| mg/dL | 1.2 | |||||
التكسينات
| الاختبار | نوع الحد | الحد | الوحدة |
| Lead | Optimal health range | < 20 or 40 | µg/dL |
| Blood ethanol content | Limit for drunk driving | 0, 0.2, 0.8 | ‰ or g/L |
| 17.4 | mmol/L |
فهم الدم
خلايا الدم الحمراء
| الاختبار | الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| الهيموگلوبين (Hb) | ذكر | 2.0, 2.1 | 2.5, 2.7 | mmol/L | Higher in neonates, lower in children. |
| 130, 132, 135 | 162, 170, 175 | g/L | |||
| أنثى | 1.8, 1.9 | 2.3, 2.5 | mmol/L | Sex difference negligible until adulthood. | |
| 120 | 150, 152, 160 | g/L | |||
| Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") | male | 8.0, 8.4 | 10.0, 10.8 | mmol/L | 4 per hemoglobin molecule |
| female | 7.2, 7.6 | 9.2, 10.0 | |||
| الهيموگلوبين في الپلازما | 0.16 | 0.62 | μmol/L | Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells | |
| 1 | 4 | mg/dL | |||
| الهموگلوبين الگلايكوزيلاتي (HbA1c) | < 50 عام | 3.6 | 5.0 | % of Hb | |
| > 50 عام | 3.9 | 5.3 | |||
| Haptoglobin | < 50 عام | 0.35 | 1.9 | g/L | |
| > 50 عام | 0.47 | 2.1 | |||
| Hematocrit (Hct) | male | 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.45 | 0.50, 0.52, 0.53, 0.62 | ||
| أنثى | 0.35, 0.36, 0.37 | 0.46, 0.48 | |||
| طفل | 0.31 | 0.43 | |||
| Mean cell volume (MCV) | ذكر | 76, 82 | 100, 102 | fL | Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| أنثى | 78 | 101 | fL | ||
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) | 11.5 | 14.5 | % | ||
| Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) | 0.39 | 0.54 | fmol/cell | ||
| 25, 27 | 32, 33, 35 | pg/cell | |||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | 31, 32 | 35, 36 | g/dL or % | ||
| 4.8, 5.0 | 5.4, 5.6 | mmol/L | |||
| Erythrocytes/خلايا الدم الحمراء (RBC) | ذكر | 4.2, 4.3 | 5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.9 | x1012/L or mln/mm3 |
|
| أنثى | 3.5, 3.8, 3.9 | 5.1, 5.5 | |||
| رضيع/طفل | 3.8 | 5.5 | |||
| Reticulocytes | بالغ | 26 | 130 | x109/L | |
| بالغ | 0.5 | 1.5 | % of RBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 1.1 | 4.5 | % of RBC | ||
| رضيع | 0.5 | 3.1 | % of RBC |
خلايا الدم البيضاء
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Adult | 3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5 | 9.0, 10.0, 10.9, 11 |
|
| حديث الولادة | 9 | 30 | ||
| 1 عام | 6 | 18 | ||
|
Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) |
Adult | 1.3, 1.8, 2 | 5.4, 7, 8 | x109/L |
| 45-54 | 62, 74 | % of WBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 6 | 26 | x109/L | |
| Neutrophilic band forms | بالغ | 0.7 | x109/L | |
| 3 | 5 | % of WBC | ||
| Lymphocytes | بالغ | 0.7, 1.0 | 3.5, 3.9, 4.8 | x109/L |
| 16-25 | 33, 45 | % of WBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 2 | 11 | x109/L | |
| Monocytes | بالغ | 0.1, 0.2 | 0.8 | x109/L |
| 3, 4.0 | 7, 10 | % of WBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 0.4 | 3.1 | x109/L | |
|
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes) |
بالغ | 1.5 | 5 | x109/L |
| 20 | 35 | % of WBC | ||
| T cells | بالغ | 0.4, 0.5 | 1.5, 1.8 | x109/L |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | بالغ | 0.0, 0.04 | 0.44, 0.45, 0.5 | x109/L |
| 1 | 3, 7 | % of WBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 0.02 | 0.85 | x109/L | |
| Basophil granulocytes | Adult | 40 | 100, 200, 900 | x106/L |
| 0.0 | 0.75, 2 | % of WBC | ||
| حديث الولادة | 0.64 | x109/L |
التخثر
| الاختبار | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) | 140, 150 | 350, 400, 450 | x109/L or x1000/µL |
|
| Mean platelet volume (MPV) | 7.4 | 10.4 | fL | |
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 10, 11, 12 | 13, 13.5, 14, 15 | s | PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised |
| INR | 0.9 | 1.2 | The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal | |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | 18, 30 | 28, 42, 45 | s | |
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| Fibrinogen | 1.7, 2.0 | 3.6, 4.2 | g/L | |
| Antithrombin | 0.80 | 1.2 | kIU/L | |
| 0.15, 0.17 | 0.2, 0.39 | mg/mL | ||
| Bleeding time | 2 | 9 | minutes | |
| Viscosity | 1.5 | 1.72 | cP |
فهم المناعة
پروتينات الطور الحاد
| الاختبار | الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
|
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
ذكر | 0 | Age÷2 | mm/h | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females. |
| أنثى | (Age+10)÷2 | ||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | n/a | 5, 6 | mg/L | ||
| 200, 240 | nmol/L | ||||
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | 20, 22 | 38, 53 | μmol/L | ||
| 89, 97 | 170, 230 | mg/dL |
الأنماط الأسوية للأجسام المضادة
| الاختبار | الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| IgA | بالغ | 70, 110 | 360, 560 | mg/dL | |
| IgD | 0.5 | 3.0 | |||
| IgE | 0.01 | 0.04 | |||
| IgG | 800 | 1800 | |||
| IgM | 54 | 220 |
الأضداد الذاتية
| الاختبار | السالبة | المبهمة | الإيجابية | الوحدة |
| anti-SS-A (Ro) | < 15 | 15-25 | > 25 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| anti-SS-B (La) | < 3 | 3 – 4 | > 4 | |
| Anti ds-DNA | < 40 | 40 – 60 | > 60 | |
| Anti ss-DNA | < 8 | 8 - 10 | > 10 | |
| Anti-histone antibodies | < 25 | n/a | > 25 | |
| Cytoplasmic/classical antibodies (c-ANCA) |
< 20 | 21 - 30 | > 30 | |
| Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) |
< 5 | n/a | > 5 | |
| Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) | < 10 | n/a | > 10 | |
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | < 20 | 20 - 30 | > 30 | |
|
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers |
> 100 | |||
| ASOT at school age | > 250 | |||
| ASOT in adults | > 125 |
| الاختبار | السلبية | الإيجابية منخفضة/ضعيفة | الإيجابية المعتدلة | الإيجابية مرتفعة/قوية | الوحدة |
| Anti-phospholipid IgG | < 20 | 20 –30 | 31 – 50 | > 51 | GPLU/ml |
| Anti-phospholipid IgM | < 1.5 | 1.5 –2.5 | 2 – 9.9 | > 10 | MPL /ml |
| Anti-phospholipid IgA | < 10 | 10 -20 | 21 – 30 | > 31 | arb U/ml |
| Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies | < 20 | 20 – 39 | 40 - 59 | > 60 | EU |
انزيمات وپروتينات أخرى
| الاختبار | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 50 | 150 | U/L | |
| 0.4 | 1.7 | μmol/L | ||
| 1.8 | 3.4 | µkat/L | < 70 years old | |
| Amylase | 25, 30, 53 | 110, 120, 123, 125, 190 | U/L | |
| 0.15 | 1.1 | µkat/L | ||
| 200 | 240 | nmol/L | ||
|
D-dimer |
n/a | 500 | ng/mL | Higher in pregnant women |
| 0.5 | mg/L | |||
| Lipase | 7, 10, 23 | 60, 150, 208 | U/L | |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | 23 | 57 | U/L | |
| Acid phosphatase | 3.0 | ng/mL | ||
| Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) | 2.3 | 16 | µg/L |
شوارد وعناصر أيض أخرى
| الاختبار | نوع الحالة | الحد الأدنى | الحد الأقصى | الوحدة | ملاحظات |
| Osmolality | 275, 280, 281 | 295, 296, 297 | mOsm/kg | Plasma weight excludes solutes | |
| Osmolarity | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/l | Plasma volume includes solutes | ||
| Urea | 3.0 | 7.0 | mmol/L | BUN - blood urea nitrogen | |
| 7 | 18, 21 | mg/dL | |||
| * Uric acid | 0.18 | 0.48 | mmol/L | ||
| Female | 2.0 | 7.0 | mg/dL | ||
| Male | 2.1 | 8.5 | mg/dL | ||
| Creatinine | male | 60, 68 | 90, 118 | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| 0.7, 0.8 | 1.0, 1.3 | mg/dL | |||
| female | 50, 68 | 90, 98 | μmol/L | ||
| 0.6, 0.8 | 1.0, 1.1 | mg/dL | |||
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | 5 | 35 | - | ||
| Plasma glucose (fasting) | 3.8, 4.0 | 6.0, 6.1 | mmol/L | See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology) | |
| 65, 70, 72 | 100, 110 | mg/dL | |||
| Full blood glucose (fasting) | 3.3 | 5.6 | mmol/L | ||
| 60 | 100 | mg/dL | |||
| Lactate (Venous) | 4.5 | 19.8 | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5 | 2.2 | mmol/L | |||
| Lactate (Arterial) | 4.5 | 14.4 | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5 | 1.6 | mmol/L | |||
| Pyruvate | 300 | 900 | μg/dL | ||
| 34 | 102 | μmol/L | |||
انظر أيضاً
- تحليل دم
- التحاليل والاجراءات التشخيصية لأمراض القلب
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Medical technologist
- نطاق طبيعي
الهوامش
- ^ The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.
المصادر
- ^ Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
- ^ Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
- ^ MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
- ^ Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830.
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
- ^ Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
- ^ Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
- ^ Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
- ^ Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
- ^ Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
- ^ Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
- ^ Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1084:MCCAHH>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11473464.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
- ^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
- ^ Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
- ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN . Page 849
- ^ http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
- ^ The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
- ^ Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
- ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
- ^ Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^ Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3-437-15120-7, ISBN 978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages
- ^ GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
- ^ "Gamma-GT". Leistungsverzeichnis. Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
- ^ Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN .
خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صالح؛ الاسم "Lee2009" معهد أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. - ^ Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
- ^ Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D; et al. (May 2006). "Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study". American Heart Journal. 151 (5): 1006–11. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID 16644322. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P; et al. (January 2006). "Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study". The American Journal of Medicine. 119 (1): 69.e1–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029. PMID 16431187. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^ Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
- ^ Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^ Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
- ^ Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday,ستة August 2007
- ^ Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
- ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
- ^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
- ^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
- ^ Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K; et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. 68 (8): 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
- ^ Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004). "Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children". Clinical Chemistry. 50 (10): 1828–30. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
- ^ 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
- ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
- ^ Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). Retrieved 2007-04-13. - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
- ^ Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
- ^ Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
- ^ van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008). "Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (7): 1239–41. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428. PMID 18593963.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
- ^ Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT; et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (9): 1635–9. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. PMID 11795654. نطقب:INIST. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols
- ^ Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^ MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
- ^ reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^ Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (7): 883–7. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^ Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum, retrieved December 2012
- ^ GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
- ^ Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
- ^ Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352
- ^ Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
- ^ Unit Code 91215 at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
- ^ Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
- Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve" (PDF). Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. PMID 21114374.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
-
^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. Retrieved 2008-11-09. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
- ^ Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
- ^ Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H; et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society. 18 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^ Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract. 12 (2): 137–44. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
- ^ Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ^ Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ; et al. (September 2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 752–8. PMID 15321818. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005). "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ. 331 (7508): 108–9, author reply 109. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMC 558659. PMID 16002891.
- ^ Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
- New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of
- ^ Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (7): 3137–41. PMID 2893797.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
- ^ Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
- New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of
- ^ Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
- ^ Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC; et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (1): 72–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
- ^ GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009 خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صالح؛ الاسم "gpnotebook" معهد أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. - ^ Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^ The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
- ^ For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Normal Lab Values at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
- ^ molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010). "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology. 89 (2): 209. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
- ^ lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
- ^ Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
- ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
- ^ Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) From labcareplus. Retrieved أربعة nov, 2010
- ^ نطقب:MedlinePlusEncyclopedia
- ^ Antithrombin III in Emedicine. By Jun Teruya and Vadim Kostousov. Updated: Jan 30, 2014
- ^ Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
- Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.
- ^ [1] Retrieved on November 20, 2009
- ^ Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal. 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J. 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.
- ^ C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
- ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
- ^ Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
- ^ Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology. 25 (3): 274–5. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^ The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
- ^ chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
- ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
-
^ Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L; et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (22): 2589–93. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. PMID 12456231. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry. 51 (5): 825–9. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337.
- ^ Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
- ^ نطقب:MedlinePlusEncyclopedia
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
وصلات خارجية
- biochemical reference values at GPnotebook
- Descriptions at amarillomed.com
- Values at lymphomation.org
