الحرب الإيطالية اليونانية
الحرب الإيطالية اليونانية (باليونانية: Ελληνοϊταλικός πόλεμος Elleno-italikόs pόlemos؛ بالإنگليزية: Greco-Italian War)، وتُعهد أيضاً بإسم الحملة الإيطالية على اليونان (بالايطالية: Campagna italiana di Grecia)، كانت نزاعاً بين إيطاليا الفاشية واليونان، والتي استمرت من 28 أكتوبر 1940 وحتى 23 أبريل 1941. وكان ذلك النزاع بداية حملة البلقان في الحرب العالمية الثانية. وكان الهجوم المضاد اليوناني الأولي هوأول حملة برية ناجحة ضد قوى المحور في الحرب. النزاع المعروف بإسم معركة اليونان بدأ بتدخل ألمانيا النازية فيستة أبريل 1941. في اليونان، الحرب ضد إيطاليا تُعهد بإسم "حرب '40"
Fascist Italy had invaded Albania in the spring of 1939 and attacked the British Empire in Africa, completing the conquest of British Somaliland and began an invasion of Egypt in the summer of 1940 but could not claim victories like those of Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini wanted to reassert Italian interests in the Balkans, feeling threatened by German encroachments (the Kingdom of Romania in the supposed Italian sphere of influence, had accepted German protection for the Ploiești oil fields in mid-October) and secure bases from which British outposts in the eastern Mediterranean could be attacked.
On 28 October 1940, after Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas rejected an Italian ultimatum demanding the occupation of Greek territory, Italian forces invaded Greece from Albania. The Greek army counter-attacked and forced the Italians to retreat. By mid-December, the Greeks occupied nearly a quarter of Albania, tying down 530,000 Italian troops. In March 1941, Operation Spring (Operazione Primavera), an Italian counter-offensive failed and onستة April, Nazi Germany intervened, invading Greece through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, beginning the Battle of Greece.
On 12 April, the Greek army retreated from Albania to avoid being cut off by the rapid German advance and on 20 April, the Greek Epirus Army Section surrendered to the Germans. On 23 April, the armistice with Germany was repeated with the Italians, ending the Greco-Italian war. By the end of April, the Axis occupation of Greece had been completed by Italian, German and Bulgarian forces, with Italy occupying nearly two thirds of the country. The Greek victory over the initial Italian offensive of October 1940 was the first Allied land victory of the Second World War and helped raise morale in occupied Europe.
الخلفية
الإمبريالية الإيطالية
العلاقات الإيطالية-اليونانية في فترة ما بين الحربين
إرهاصات الحرب 1939–1940
الخطط المتقابلة
إيطاليا
اليونان
الأنساق القتالية
إيطاليا
اليونان
إمرأة يونانية تودع ابنها الذاهب إلى الجبهة الألبانية.
بريطانيا
الحملة
الهجوم الإيطالي (28 أكتوبر – 13 نوفمبر 1940)
الغزوالإيطالي لليونان
إپيروس والقطاعات الساحلية
قطاع پندوس
الهجوم المضاد اليوناني (14 نوفمبر 1940 –ستة يناير 1941)
سقوط كورچى (14–23 نوفمبر)
الهجوم اليوناني نحوڤالونا (23 نوفمبر – ديسمبر 1940)
"أنا قلت إننا يفترض أن نكسر ظهر نگوس. والآن، بنفس اليقين المطلق، أكرر، المطلق، أقول لكم أننا يفترض أن نكسر ظهر اليونان."
خطبة موسوليني في قصر ڤنتسيا، 18 نوفمبر 1940
نهاية الهجوم اليوناني وهجوم الربيع الإيطالي (6 يناير -ستة أبريل 1941)
الصراع على ممر كليسورا وتپلنى
هجوم الربيع الإيطالي
الغزوالألماني
الحملة البحرية والجوية
العمليات البحرية
العمليات الجوية
سلاح الجوالهليني الملكي
سلاح الجوالملكي البريطاني
الجبهات الداخلية
اليونان
إيطاليا
ألبانيا
الأعقاب
التحليل
الاحتلال الثلاثي
Map of occupation zones, Italian in blue
الملاحظات
الهامش
- ^ CM 2009.
- ^ Knox 1986, p. 261.
المراجع
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|trans_title=ignored (help) - Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
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- الدوريات
- Klapsis, Antonis (2014). "Attempting to Revise the Treaty of Lausanne: Greek Foreign Policy and Italy during the Pangalos Dictatorship, 1925–1926". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 25 (2): 240–259. doi:10.1080/09592296.2014.907062.
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- المواقع
- Carr, John (2007). "Greeks bravely met the Axis". Speronews. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
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Felice, Renzo de (1990). Italia in guerra 1940–1943. Mussolini l'alleato, 1940–1945 (in Italian). I. Torino: Einaudi. OCLC 901699257. Unknown parameter
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Hillgruber, Andreas (1993). Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940–1941 (in German) (3rd ed.). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe D. L. ISBN . Unknown parameter
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Prasca, Sebastiano Visconti (1946). Io Ho Aggredito La Grecia. Seconda guerra mondiale; colezione di memorie, diari e studi (in Italian). V. Milano: Rizzoli. OCLC 23489678. Unknown parameter
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Francesco, Pricolo (1946). Ignavia contro eroismo; l'avventura italo-greca, ottobre 1940 – aprile 1941. Roma: Ruffolo. ISBN . Unknown parameter
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Rintelen, Enno von (1951). Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936–1943 (in German). Tübingen/Stuttgart: Rainer Wuderlich Verlag Hermann Leins. OCLC 887128808. Unknown parameter
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- دوريات
- Carrier, Richard C. (October 2003). "Hitler's Table Talk: Troubling Finds". German Studies Review. 26 (3): 561–576. doi:10.2307/1432747. ISSN 2164-8646. JSTOR 1432747.
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- Creveld, Martin van (1974). "Prelude to Disaster: The British Decision to Aid Greece, 1940–41". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage. 9: 65–92. doi:10.1177/002200947400900303. ISSN 0022-0094.
- Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat. Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II". Journal of Contemporary History. London: Sage. 24: 27–61. doi:10.1177/002200948902400102. ISSN 0022-0094.
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Greco-Italian War. |
- Mediterranean and the Middle East Volume I Chapter XVIII (The Albanian front in the winter of 1940/1)
- Hellenic Air Force history
- Kyrou: The First Victory: Greece in the Second World War
- Greek orders of battle
- WW2 Greece
