التاريخ

المصطلح: هندي

في أمريكا الشمالية، فإن المصطلح هندي Indian has an ambiguous meaning. In the western hemisphere, historically and currently, Indian has been commonly used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and الهنود الشرقيون were and are commonly used to avoid ambiguity.

While East Indian remains in use, South Asian is often chosen instead. The U.S. government coined Native American to refer to the indigenous peoples of the United States, but American Indian remains popular among the indigenous and general populations.

الأشخاص من أصل هندي كثيراً ما يفضلون المصطلح دسي للإشارة إلى الثقافة الفرعية لأبناء جنوب آسيا في الشتات. Indian Americans are categorized as Asian Indian (and more broadly, الأمريكان الآسيويون) by the مخط الإحصاء الأمريكي.

القدوم إلى الولايات المتحدة

It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 that Indian Americans were restored naturalization rights in the United States. A number of Indian Americans came to the U.S. via Indian communities in other countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada, in both of which 2% of the population is currently of Indian origin,موريشيوس، nations of Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Singapore, South Africa, سورينام، گويانا، فيجي، كنيا، تنزانيا، اوغندا، ترنيداد وتوباگووجاميكا.

الديمغرافيا

According to the 2010 United States Census, the Asian Indian population in the United States grew from almost 1,678,765 in 2000 (0.6% of U.S. population) to 2,843,391 in 2010 (0.9% of U.S. population), a growth rate of 69.37%, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States.

The New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and adjacent areas within نيويورك, as well as nearby areas within the states of نيوجرزي (extending to Trenton), Connecticut (extending to Bridgeport), and including Pike County, Pennsylvania, was home to 573,329 Indian Americans as of the 2010 Census, comprising by far the largest Indian American population of any metropolitan area in the United States. وتحوي مدينة نيويورك نفسها أعلى تعداد من الأمريكان الهنود في أي مدينة قائمة بذاتها، وهونحو195,000. As of June 2011, Indian airline carriers Air India and Jet Airways as well as United States airline carrier Continental Airlines were all offering flights from the New York City Metropolitan Area to and from India. At least twenty Indian American enclaves characterized as a هند مصغرة have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

المناطق الحضرية الأمريكية ذات أعلى تعداد من الهنود

While the table above provides a picture of the population of Indian American (alone) and Asian Americans (alone) in some of the metropolitan areas of the US, it is incomplete as it does NOT include multi-racial Asian Americans. Please note that data for Multi-racial Asian Americans has not yet been released by the US Census Bureau.

قائمة الولايات الأمريكية حسب تعداد الهنود الآسيويين

التعداد تاريخياً

Note: Pre-1980 data refers to ethnic "Hindus".

الوضع الحالي

احصائيات عن الهنود في الولايات المتحدة

الاقتصادية الاجتماعية

التعليم

With the recent wave of highly educated Indian professionals, Indian Americans continuously outpace most ethnic groups socioeconomically to reach the summit of the U.S. Census charts. Indian Americans, along with other Asian Americans, have one of the highest educational levels of all ethnic groups in the U.S. Almost 67% of all Indians have a bachelor's or high degree (compared to 28% nationally and 44% average for all Asian American groups). Almost 40% of all Indians in the United States have a master’s, doctorate or other professional degree, which is five times the national average.Thomas Friedman, in his recent book, The World is Flat, explains this trend in terms of brain drain, whereby the best and brightest elements in India emigrate to the U.S. in order to seek better financial opportunities.

الاقتصاد

حسب تعداد الولايات المتحدة 2010، فإن الأمريكان الهنود لديهم أعلى ولج أسري بين جميع الجماعات العرقية في الولايات المتحدة.

في الثمانينات، بينما كان المتفوقون من حملة الدكتوراه بأمريكا يتجهون لشركات الدفاع، اتجه خريجوالجامعات الأمريكية من الهنود إلى سليكون ڤالي والبنوك الاستثمارية. لخضوعهم المستكين وصل كثير منهم للمنصب الثاني في شركات التكنولوجيا تحت مؤسس بشخصية ألفا. مثل: ڤينود خوسلا في شركة صن مايكروسيستمز أصبح مليارديراً. هنود سليكون فالي جلبوا للهند في التسعينات ولج سنوي من الأوتسورسنج نحوعشرة مليار دولار، وعشرة مليار شركات جديدة. الأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية كشفت فضائح في المضاربة الإلكترونية، أشهرها راج راجاراتنام، الملياردير السريلانكي-الهندي مع گولدمان ساكس. انهيار نموذج هنود سليكون فالي أدى لإنهيار الاقتصاد الهندي الحالي كما يشرف عليه مانموهان سنغ، رئيس الوزراء ل20 سنة. كان لهنود أمريكا دورا رئيسا في تقارب الهند مع جميع من أمريكا وإسرائيل.

من الهنود: فرح پانديث، مبعوثة اوباما للعالم الإسلامي، وراجيڤ شاه، رئيس هيئة المعونة الأمريكية.

الثقافة

التسلية

الديانات

جاليات الهندوس والمسلمين والمسيحيين والسيخ والجاين واليوذيين والپارسي واليهود من الهند أرسوا دياناتهم في الولايات المتحدة. فحسب مركز پيوللأبحاث لعام 2012، 51% يعتبرون أنفسهم هندوس، 18% كمسحيين (پروتستانت 11%، كاثوليك 5%، مسيحيين آخرين 3%)، 10% كمسلمين، 5% كسيخ، 2% كجاين و10% غير منتمين لدين.

خط زمني

• 1600s: The East India Company brought over Indian indentured servants to the British American colonies.
• 1680: Due to anti-miscegenation laws, a Eurasian daughter born to an Indian father and Irish mother in مريلاند was classified as a "mulatto" and sold into slavery.
• 1790: Following American independence from the British, Indian immigrants began entering the independent United States as maritime workers.
• 1838: (May 5) - First two ships arrive in the Caribbean with الهندn indentured workers (landing in British Guiana).
• 1899–1914: First significant wave of Indian immigrants, mostly Sikh farmers and laborers from Punjab region of British India, start arriving in California (Angel Island) on ships via Hong Kong. They find employment on farms and in lumber mills in كاليفورنيا, Oregon and واشنطن states.
• 1912: The first Sikh temple opens its doors in Stockton, California.
• 1913: A.K. Mozumdar became the first Indian-born person to earn U.S. citizenship, having convinced the Spokane district judge that he was "Caucasian" and met the requirements of naturalization law that restricted citizenship to free white persons. In 1923, as a result of a U.S. Supreme Court decision that no person of East Indian origin could become a naturalized American citizen, his citizenship was revoked.
• 1917: The Barred Zone Act passes in Congress through two-thirds majority, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's earlier veto. Asians, including Indians, are barred from immigrating to the U.S.
• 1918: Due to anti-miscegenation laws, there was significant controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer B. K. Singh married the sixteen year-old daughter of one of his white American tenants.
• 1918: Bhagat Singh Thind becomes the first person of East-Indian descent recruited by the US Army on July 22, 1918. He goes on to fight in World War I. A few months later, on November 8, 1918, Bhagat Singh was promoted to the rank of an Acting Sergeant.
• 1922: Yellapragada Subbarao arrived in Boston on 26 October 1922. He discovered the role of Phosphocreatine and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in muscular activity, which earned him an entry into biochemistry textbooks in the 1930s. He obtained his Ph.D. degree the same year.
• 1923: The US Supreme Court rules that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) are aliens ineligible for citizenship in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Bhagat Singh Thind becomes a citizen a few years later in نيويورك - he had earlier applied and been rejected in Oregon.
• 1928: Dhan Gopal Mukerji wins the Newbery Medal, and thus becomes the first successful India-born man of letters in the United States.
• 1943: Republican Clara Booth Luce and Democrat Emanuel Celler introduce a bill to open naturalization to Indian immigrants to the US. Prominent Americans Pearl Buck, Louis Fischer, Albert Einstein and Robert Millikan give their endorsement to the bill. President Franklin Roosevelt also endorses the bill, calling for an end to the "statutory discrimination against the Indians".
• 1946: President Harry Truman signs into law the Luce-Celler Act of 1946, returning to Indian Americans the right to immigrate and naturalize.
• 1956: Dalip Singh Saund elected to the US House of Representatives from كاليفورنيا. He was re-elected to a 2nd and 3rd term, winning over 60% of the votes. He is also the first Asian immigrant to be elected to Congress.
• 1962: Zubin Mehta appointed music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, becoming the first person of Indian origin to become the principal conductor of a major American orchestra. Subsequently he was appointed principal conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
• 1964: Amar G. Bose founded Bose Corporation. He is the Chairman, primary stockholder, and also holds the title of Technical Director at Bose Corporation. He was former professor of electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• 1965: President Lyndon Johnson signs the INS Act of 1965 into law, eliminating per-country immigration quotas and introducing immigration on the basis of professional experience and education. Satinder Mullick is one of the first to immigrate under the new law in November 1965—sponsored by Corning Glass Works.
• 1968: Hargobind Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for discovering the mechanisms by which RNA codes for the synthesis of proteins. He was then on faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, but later moved to MIT.
• 1981: Suhas Patil co-founded Cirrus Logic, one of the first fabless semiconductor companies.
• 1982: Vinod Khosla co-founded Sun Microsystems.
• 1983: Asian Indian Women in America attended the first White House Briefing for Asian American Women. (AAIWA, formed in 1980, is the 1st Indian women's organization in North America.)
• 1987: President Ronald Reagan appoints Joy Cherian, the first Indian Commissioner of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
• 1988: Sanjay Mehrotra co-founded SanDisk.
• 1989: Rohit Jagessar founded RBC Radio, the first Asian Indian radio station in the US.
• 1994: Rajat Gupta elected managing director of McKinsey & Company, the first Indian-born CEO of a multinational company.
• 1994: Guitarist Kim Thayil, of Indian origin, wins Grammy award for his Indian inspired guitarwork on the album Superunknown by his band Soundgarden.
• 1994: Raj Reddy received the ACM Turing Award (with Edward Feigenbaum) "For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology".
• 1996: Pradeep Sindhu co-founded Juniper Networks
• 1996: Rajat Gupta and Anil Kumar of McKinsey & Company co-found the Indian School of Business.
• 1997: Kalpana Chawla, one of the six-member crew of STS-87 mission, becomes the first Indian American astronaut.
• 1999: NASA names the third of its four "Great Observatories" Chandra X-ray Observatory after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar the Indian-born American astrophysicist and a Nobel laureate.
• 1999: Filmmaker M. Night Shyamalan enters film history with his film The Sixth Sense becoming one of the all-time highest-grossing films, worldwide.
• 1999: Rono Dutta becomes the President of United Airlines.
• 2001: Professor Dipak C. Jain (born in Tezpur - Assam, الهند) appointed as dean of the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. He is the Sandy and Morton Goldman Professor in Entrepreneurial Studies and a professor of marketing at the Kellogg School of Management, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1987.
• 2002: Professor Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao — 'the world renowned statistician' is awarded National Medal of Science by President George W. Bush.
• 2005: Abhijit Y. Talwalkar, President and Chief Executive Officer of LSI Corporation
• 2006: Indra Nooyi (born in Chennai, الهند) appointed as CEO of PepsiCo. She is a Successor Fellow of the Yale Corporation — sometimes, and more formally, known as The President and Fellows of Yale College, is the governing body of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. She also serves as a member of the boards of the International Rescue Committee, Catalyst and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Trustees of Eisenhower Fellowships, and currently serves as Chairman of the U.S.–India Business Council.
• 2007: Bobby Jindal is elected governor of Louisiana and is the first person of الهندn descent to be elected governor of an American state; he is inaugurated on January 14, 2008.
• 2007: Renu Khator appointed as the chancellor of the University of Houston System and the president of the University of Houston on October 15, 2007.
• 2007: Francisco D'Souza appointed as the President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Cognizant Technology Solutions. He is one of the youngest Chief Executive Officers in the software services sector at the age 38 in الولايات المتحدة. He was part of the team founded, in 1994, the Nasdaq-100 Cognizant Technology Solutions.
• 2007: Vikram Pandit (born in Maharashtra, الهند) appointed as CEO of Citigroup. He was previously the President and Chief Operating Officer of the Institutional Securities and Investment Banking Group at Morgan Stanley. He also serves on the boards of Columbia University, Columbia Business School, the Indian School of Business and The Trinity School. He is a former board member of NASDAQ (2000–2003), the New York City Investment Fund.
• 2007: Shantanu Narayen appointed as CEO of Adobe Systems.
• 2008: Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson appoints Neel Kashkari as the Interim U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability.
• 2008: Raj Chetty appointed as professor of economics at Harvard University. As of today, he is the youngest person 'at the age of 29' to ever receive tenure of professorship in the Department of Economics at Harvard. He is one of the top 8 young economists in the world.
• 2008: Sanjay Jha appointed as Co-CEO of Motorola, Inc..
• 2008: Establishment of the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) to document the history of the South Asian American community.
• 2009: President Barack Obama appoints Preetinder S. Bharara (born in Firozpur, الهند; graduate of Harvard College Class of 1990 and Columbia Law School Class of 1993) as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York Manhattan.
• Farah Pandith appointed as Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the United States Department of State.
• 2009: President Barack Obama appoints Eboo Patel and Anju Bhargava on President's Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Parnerships.
• 2009: President Barack Obama appoints Vinai Thummalapally as the U.S. Ambassador to Belize
• 2009: President Barack Obama nominates Rajiv Shah, M.D. as the new head of United States Agency for International Development.
• 2009: President Barack Obama nominates Islam A. Siddiqui as the Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
• 2010: President of Harvard University Catherine Drew Gilpin Faust appoints Nitin Nohria as the 10th dean of Harvard Business School.
• 2010: President of University of Chicago Robert Zimmer appoints Sunil Kumar as the dean of University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
• 2010: Deven Sharma appointed President of Standard & Poor's.
• 2010: Ajaypal Banga appointed President and CEO of MasterCard.
• 2010: Year marks the most number of candidates of Indian origin, running for political offices in the United States, including candidates such as Kamala Harris and Ami Bera.
• 2010: State Representative Nikki Haley is elected governor of South Carolina, and becomes the first Indian American woman, and second Indian American in general to become Governor of an American state.
• 2011: Jamshed Bharucha (born in Mumbai) named President of Cooper Union. He was formerly Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Dartmouth College and Provost at Tufts University.
• 2011: Satish K. Tripathi appointed as President of University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

تصنيف

مشاهير الأمريكان الهنود

انظر أيضاً

• الهندوسية في الولايات المتحدة
• الجاينية في الولايات المتحدة
• السيخية في الولايات المتحدة
• American-Born Confused Desi
• ديمغرافيا الولايات المتحدة
• دسي
• Hyphenated American
• الطلبة الهنود في الخارج
• الهنود البريطانيون
• الشتات الهندي
• United States foreign born per capita income
• ديمغرافيا الهند
• الأمريكان في الهند
• Indo-Caribbean American

الهامش

وصلات خارجية

الوصلات الخارجية في هذه الموضوعة قد لا تتبع سياسات المحتوى أوالإرشادات. من فضلك حسـِّن هذه الموضوعة بإزالة الوصلات الخارجية الزائدة أوغير المناسبة.

منطقات

• Indian Americans: The New Model Minority فوربس
• Stereotypes in Schooling: Negative Pressures in the American Educational System on Hindu Identity Formation by Yvette Rosser

الأخبار

• Asian-Americans' diverse voices share similar stories
• The Indian-American population boom - September 1, 2006, Rediff.com
• CNN.com: "India's influence soars: The 'un-China' could be world's next economic superpower", June 18, 2006 (summary of TIME Magazine cover story)
• , December 17, 2004: "Indians are No 1 among Asians in US, census shows"
• ModelMinority.com, March 10, 2004: "Indian-Americans Fear Outsourcing Impact: Worries about technical-job losses, discrimination" (reprint of March 3, 2004 Financial Times article by Amy Yee)
• (University of California at Berkeley's South/Southeast Asia Library's online exhibit, last updated October 3, 2001)
• , March 6, 2006: "My Two Lives" by Jhumpa Lahiri ('The Pulitzer-winning writer felt intense pressure to be at once 'loyal to the old world and fluent in the new.')

مشروع التصوير

• Widely exhibited across museums in the US, historic photography project, of Indians living in late 1980s in America.

نطقب:NRI-PIO