جد كا رع إيسسي Djedkare Isesi
Tankeris
Relief of Djedkare Isesi, Egyptian Museum of Berlin
فرعون
الحكم	duration uncertain, at least 33 years and possibly more than 44 years, in the late-25th to mid-24th century BCE.(الأسرة الخامسة)
سبقه	من كاوحور
تبعه	اوناس
الألقاب الملكية Djedkare Ḏd-k3-Rˁ The enduring one of the Ka of Ra The soul of Ra endureth الاسم الشخصي إيسسي Izzi Translation uncertain, possibly from the imperative iz for "go!", which could have been said by a midwife during Djedkare's birth. اسم حورس Djedkhau Ḏd-ḫˁ.w Horus, enduring of appearances اسم نبتي Djedkhau Nebty Ḏd-ḫˁ.w Neb.tj Enduring of appearances (by means of?) the Two Ladies حورس المضىي Bik Nebu Djed Bik-nbw-Ḏd The enduring Golden Falcon Saqqara Tablet: Maatkare M3ˁ.t-k3-Rˁ He of the Maat and Ka of Ra Turin canon: Djedu Ḏdw Abydos King List: Djedkare Ḏd-k3-Rˁ The enduring one of the Ka of Ra Karnak king list: Isesi Izzj الاسم اليوناني Tancheres تانخريس
القرينة	ربما Meresankh IV؟
الأنجال	Neserkauhor ♂, Kekheretnebti ♀, Meret-Isesi ♀, Hedjetnebu ♀, Nebtyemneferes ♀ Uncertain: Raemka ♂, Kaemtjenent ♂, Isesi-ankh ♂ Conjectural: Unas ♂
المدفن	هرم جد كا رع إسسي

جد كا رع إسسي بالإنجليزية Djedkare Isesi ، وباليونانية تانخريس ، هوالملك الثامن من ملوك الأسرة الخامسة في أواخر القرن الخامس والعشرين وحتى منتصف القرن الرابع والعشرين ق.م. في الدولة المصرية القديمة. وقد أتى إسسي بعد الملك من كاوحور كايوالذى أوفد حملة الى شبه جزيرة سيناء. وخلف إسسي الفرعون اوناس. وعلاقته بهذين الفرعونين تظل غير واضحة، بالرغم من أنه يُستدل حتى اوناس كان ابن جد كا رع لكون انتنطق السلطة بينهما كان سلساً.

Djedkare likely enjoyed a long reign of more than 40 years, which heralded a new period in the history of the Old Kingdom. Breaking with a tradition followed by his predecessors since the time of Userkaf, Djedkare did not build a temple to the sun god Ra, possibly reflecting the rise of Osiris in the Egyptian pantheon. More significantly, Djedkare effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian state administration, the first undertaken since the inception of the system of ranking titles. He also reorganised the funerary cults of his forebears buried in the necropolis of Abusir and reformed the corresponding priesthood. Djedkare commissioned expeditions to Sinai to procure copper and turquoise, to Nubia for its gold and diorite and to the fabled Land of Punt for its incense. One such expedition had what could be the earliest recorded instance of oracular divination undertaken to ensure an expedition's success. The word "Nub", meaning gold, to designate Nubia is first recorded during Djedkare's reign. Under his rule, Egypt also entertained continuing trade relations with the Levantine coast and made punitive raids in Canaan. In particular, one of the earliest depictions of a battle or siege scene was found in the tomb of one of Djedkare's subjects.

Djedkare was buried in a pyramid in Saqqara named Nefer Djedkare ("Djedkare is perfect"), which is now ruined owing to theft of stone from its outer casing during antiquity. The burial chamber still held Djedkare's mummy when it was excavated in the 1940s. Examinations of the mummy revealed that he died in his fifties. Following his death, Djedkare was the object of a cult that lasted at least until the end of the Old Kingdom. He seemed to have been held in particularly high esteem during the mid-Sixth Dynasty, whose pharaohs lavished rich offerings on his cult. Archaeological evidence suggests the continuing existence of this funerary cult throughout the much later New Kingdom period (c. 1550–1077 ق.م.). Djedkare was also remembered by the Ancient Egyptians as the king of vizier Ptahhotep, the purported author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep, one of the earliest pieces of philosophic wisdom literature.

The reforms implemented by Djedkare are generally assessed negatively in modern Egyptology as his policy of decentralization created a virtual feudal system that transferred much power to the high and provincial administrations. Some Egyptologists such as Naguib Kanawati argue that this contributed heavily to the collapse of the Egyptian state during the First Intermediate Period, c. 200 years later. These conclusions are rejected by Nigel Strudwick, who says that in spite of Djedkare's reforms, Ancient Egyptian officials never amassed enough power to rival that of the king.

والواضح حتى عصر إسسي كان عصراً حافلا بالأعمال العظيمة وقد أحضر قزما من نوع نادر من بلاد بنط (الصومال) وأوفد حملة الى سيناء ومن الطريف حتى پتاح حتپ صاحب التعاليم المشهورة التى تعد أقدم ما وصل من حـِكم المصريين كان مربي الملك إسسي. وقد إلتمس الحكيم من الملك إسسي حتى يقوم إبنه بنفس وظيفته واجابه الملك الى طلبه وقد مكث أسيس ما يقرب من 28 سنة على العرش.

العائلة

الأبوان

الملكات

الأبناء

البنات

التزمين

سنوات الحكم

الحكم

الإصلاحات المحلية

أنشطة العمران

الأنشطة خارج مصر

التجريدات إلى المناجم والمحاجر

العلاقات التجارية

Egypt entertained continuing trade relations with the Levant during Djedkare's reign, possibly as far north as Anatolia. A gold cylinder seal bearing the serekh of Djedkare Isesi together with the cartouche of Menkauhor Kaiu is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The seal, whose gold may originate from the Pactolus river valley in western Anatolia, could attest to wide-ranging trade-contacts during the later Fifth Dynasty, but its provenance remains unverifiable.

Trade contacts with Byblos, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, are suggested by a fragmentary stone vessel unearthed in the city and bearing the inscription "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Djedkare [living] forever". A biographical inscription discovered in the tomb of Iny, a Sixth Dynasty official, provides further evidence for an Egyptian expedition to Byblos during Djedkare's reign. Iny's inscription relates his travels to procure lapis lazuli and lead or tin for pharaoh Merenre, but starts by recounting what must have been similar events taking place under Djedkare.

To the south of Egypt, Djedkare also sent an expedition to the fabled land of Punt to procure the myrrh used as incense in the Egyptian temples. The expedition to Punt is referred to in the letter from Pepi II Neferkare to Harkuf some 100 years later. Harkuf had reported that he would bring back a "dwarf of the god's dancers from the land of the horizon dwellers". Pepi mentions that the god's sealbearer Werdjededkhnum had returned from Punt with a dwarf during the reign of Djedkare Isesi and had been richly rewarded. The decree mentions that "My Majesty will do for you something greater than what was done for the god's sealbearer Werdjededkhnum in the reign of Isesi, reflecting my majesty's yearning to see this dwarf".

Djedkare's expedition to Punt is also mentioned in a contemporaneous graffito found in Tumas, a locality of Lower Nubia some 150 kم (93 ميل) south of Aswan, where Isesi's cartouche was discovered.

القتال

Not all relations between Egypt and its neighbors were peaceful during Djedkare's reign. In particular, one of the earliest known depictions of a battle or city being besieged is found in the tomb of Inti, an official from the 21st nome of Upper Egypt, who lived during the late Fifth Dynasty. The scene shows Egyptian soldiers scaling the walls of a near eastern fortress on ladders. More generally, ancient Egyptians seem to have regularly organised punitive raids in Canaan during the later Old Kingdom period but did not attempt to establish a permanent dominion there.

الهرم

منطق رئيسي: هرم جد كا رع إسسي

Djedkare built his pyramid in South Saqqara. It was called Nefer Isesi or Nefer Djedkare in Ancient Egyptian, variously translated as "Isesi/Djedkare is beautiful" or "Isesi/Djedkare is perfect". It is known today as "Haram el-Shawwâf El-Kably", meaning "the Southern Sentinel pyramid", because it stands on the edge of the Nile valley.

ذكراه

سقط الإصلاحات

For Nigel Strudwick, the reforms of Djedkare Isesi were undertaken as a reaction to the rapid growth of the central administration in the first part of the Fifth Dynasty which, Baer adds, had amassed too much political or economic power in the eyes of the king.

العبادة الجنائزية

المملكة القديمة

المملكة الحديثة

The funerary cult of Djedkare Isesi enjoyed a revival during the New Kingdom (ح. 1550–1077 ق.م.). For the early part of this period, this is best attested by the Karnak king list, a list of kings commissioned by pharaoh Thutmose III. The list was not meant to be exhaustive, rather it gave the names of Thutmose's forefathers whom he wanted to honor by dedicating offerings.

For the later New Kingdom, a relief from the Saqqara tomb of the priest Mehu, dating to the 19th or 20th Dynasty shows three gods faced by several deceased pharaohs. These are Djoser and Sekhemket, of the Third Dynasty and Userkaf, founder of the Fifth Dynasty. He is followed by a fourth king whose name is damaged but which is often read "Djedkare" or, much less likely, "Shepseskare". The relief is an expression of personal piety on Mehu's behalf, who prayed to the ancient kings for them to recommend him to the gods.

انظر أيضا

• الأسرة المصرية الخامسة
• قدماء المصريين
• قائمة الفراعنة

وصلات خارجية

• Egyptian Kings
• The Instruction of Ptahhotep Index Page (Prisse Papyrus)
• The Mastaba of Ptahhotep reliefs from his tomb (Prisse Papyrus)

ملاحظات

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

• سليم حسن (1992). موسوعة مصر القديمة. الهيئة العامة للكتاب.
• نطقب:اعلام قدماء المصريين
• Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001, pp.405-410 (coverage of Djedkare Isesi's reign)