The major district of Yantai is Zhifu, which used to be the largest independent city in the area. It was variously romanized as Chefoo,Che-foo, Chi-fu, and Chih-fou. Although this name was used for the city by foreigners prior to the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the locals referred to the settlement as Yantai throughout.

التاريخ

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the region was inhabited by indigenous peoples vaguely known to the Chinese as the "Eastern Barbarians" (Dongyi). Under the Zhou, they were colonized and sinicized as the state of Lai. Lai was annexed by Qi في 567 ق.م.. Under the الامبراطور الأول (Shi Huangdi), the area was administered as the Qi Commandery. Under the Han, this was renamed as the Donglai Commandery (東萊郡). Following the Three Kingdoms Period, the area was organized by the Jin as the Donglai Kingdom or Principality, later returning to prefecture status as a and then zhōu. Under the Tang and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, it was known as Deng Prefecture and organized with the Henan Circuit. It was then organized as the Laizhou (萊州府) and then, under the Qing, Dengzhou Commandery (登州府).

Up to the 19th century, however, the Zhifu area consisted of nothing but small unwalled fishing villages of little importance. Under the Ming, these were first troubled by the "Dwarf Pirates" and then by the overreacting "Sea Ban", which required coastal Chinese to give up trading and most fishing and relocate inland upon pain of death.

Following the Second Opium War, the Qing Empire was obliged to open more treaty ports by the unequal 1858 Treaty of Tianjin, including Tengchow (now Penglai). Its port being found inadequate, Zhifu—about 30 ميلs (48 km) away—was selected to act as the seat of the area's foreign commerce. The mooring was at considerable distance from shore, necessitating more time and expense in loading and unloading, but the harbor was deep and expansive and business grew rapidly. The harbor opened in May 1861, with its status as an international port affirmed on 22 August. The official decree was accompanied by the construction of the Donghai Pass (東海關). It quickly became the residence of a circuit intendant ("taotai"), customs house, and a considerable foreign settlement located between the old native town and the harbor.Britain and sixteen other nations established consulates in the town. The town was initially expanded with well-laid streets and well-built stone houses, even for the poorer classes, a Catholic and a Protestant church were erected, and a large hotel did business with foreigners who employed the town as a summer resort.

The principal traders were the British and Americans, followed by the Germans and Thais. In the 1870s, the principal imports were woolen and cotton goods, iron, and opium and the principal exports were tofu, soybean oil, peas, coarse vermicelli, vegetables, and dried fruit from Zhifu itself, raw silk and straw braid from Laizhou, and walnuts from Qingzhou. The town also traded Chinese liquors and sundries for the edible seaweed grown in the shallows of the Russian settlements around Port Arthur (now Dalian's Lüshunkou District). In 1875, the murder of the British diplomat Augustus Margary in Tengchong, Yunnan, led to a diplomatic crisis that was resolved in Zhifu by Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang the next year. The resultant Chefoo Convention gave British subjects extraterritoriality throughout China and exempted the foreign merchants' enclaves from the likin tax on internal commerce. Its healthy situation and good anchorage made it a favorite coaling station for foreign fleets, giving it some importance in the conflicts over Korea, Port Arthur, and Weihaiwei.

ومع معظم باقي شان‌دونگ، Yantai was controlled by the Germans for about 20 years. In the run-up to the First World War, its trade continued to grow but was limited by the poor roads of the area's hinterland and the necessity of using pack animals for portage. The trade items remained largely the same as before. After the Germans were defeated by Allied forces in World War I, Qingdao and Yantai were handed over to the Japanese, who turned Yantai into a summer station for their Asian fleet. They also set up a trading establishment in the town. The different foreign influences that shaped this city are explored at the Yantai Museum, which used to be a guild hall. However, the city's colourful history has not left a distinctive architectural mark, there has never been a foreign concession, and though there are a few grand 19th-century European buildings, most of the town is of much more recent origin. After 1949, the town's name was changed from Chefoo to Yantai, and it was opened to the world as an ice-free trade port in 1984.

On 12 November 1911, the eastern division of Tongmeng Hui declared itself a part of the revolutionary movement. The next day, it established حكومة شان‌دونگ العسكرية (山東軍政府) and, the day after that, renamed itself the Yantai Division of حكومة شان‌دونگ العسكرية (山東煙台軍政分府). In 1914, Jiaodong Circuit (膠東道) was established with Yantai as the capital. Jiaodong Circuit was renamed Donghai Circuit (東海道) in 1925. On 19 January 1938, Yantai participated as part of an anti-Japanese revolutionary committee.

بعد إنشاء جمهورية الصين الشعبية, Yantai was officially awarded city status with the outlying towns of Laiyang and Wendeng tacked on as "Special Regions" (专区) in 1950. Wendeng was merged into Laiyang six years later, and this larger Laiyang Special Region was combined with Yantai City to become Yantai Prefecture (烟台地区). Yantai is of strategic importance to China's defense, as it and داليان، directly across the بحر بوهاي from it, are primary coastal guard points for Beijing. In November 1983, the prefecture became a prefecture-level city.

الجغرافيا

Yantai is located along the north coast of the شبه جزيرة شان‌دونگ، جنوب بحر بوهاي and parallel to the southern coast of Korea. The topographical breakdown consists of:

• 36.62% mountainous
• 39.7% hilly
• 50.23% plain
• 2.90% basin

About 2,643.60 kم² (2.84555×10¹⁰ قدم²) is urbanized. Only Qixia City is located entirely inland. All other county-level entities are coastal, with Changdao consisting entirely of islands. The total coastline of the prefecture is 909 kiloمترs (2,982,000 ft).

The summits in the hill country vary from 100–300 مترs (330–980 ft); the average peak in the mountainous region is 500 مترs (1,600 ft), and the highest point of elevation is the summit of Mount Kunyu (昆崳山) at 922.8 مترs (3,028 ft).

There are 121 rivers overخمسة kiloمترs (16,000 ft) in length, the largest being:

• Wulong River (五龙河)
• Dagu River (大沽河)
• Dagujia River (大沽夹河)
• Wang River (王河)
• Jie River (界河)
• Huangshui River (黄水河)
• Xin'an River (辛安河)

قلب البلدة القديمة ژي‌فوكان يقع فوق مصب يي (沂، Yí Hé).

المناخ

الادارة

The prefecture-level city of Yantai administers 12 county-level divisions, including four districts, seven county-level cities, one county, and one development zone.

• Zhifu District (芝罘区)
• Fushan District (福山区)
• Muping District (牟平区)
• Laishan District (莱山区)
• Longkou City (龙口市)
• Laiyang City (莱阳市)
• Laizhou City (莱州市)
• Penglai City (蓬莱市)
• Zhaoyuan City (招远市)
• Qixia City (栖霞市)
• Haiyang City (海阳市)
• Changdao County (长岛县)
• Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone (烟台经济技术开发区)
• Yantai Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (烟台高新技术产业开发区)

These are further divided into 148 township-level divisions, including 94 towns, six townships, and 48 subdistricts.

الاقتصاد

Yantai is currently the second largest industrial city في شان‌دونگ، next to Qingdao. However, the region's largest industry is agriculture. It is famous throughout China for a particular variety of apple and is home to the country's largest and oldest grape winery, تشانگ‌يو.

The county-level city of Longkou is well known throughout China for its production of cellophane noodles.^[]

المناطق الصناعية

• Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area

Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state-level economic development zones in China. It now has a planned area of 10 kم² (110,000,000 قدم²) and a population of 115,000. وتقع على طرف شبه جزيرة شان‌دونگ اللقاء للبحر الأصفر. It adjoins downtown Yantai, merelyستة kilometers away from Yantai Port,ستة kilometers away from Yantai Railway Station, and a 30-minute drive to Yantai International Airport.

• Yantai Export Processing Zone

Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 kم² (44,900,000 قدم²), in which the initial zone covers 3 kم² (32,000,000 قدم²). After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, with standard workshops of 120,000 م² (1,300,000 قدم²) and bonded warehouses of 40,000 م² (430,000 قدم²). Up to now, owing to an excellent investment environment, YTEPZ has attracted investors from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., as well as domestic investors, to operate in the zone.

التعليم

فيما يلي قائمة بأبرز مؤسسات التعليم العالي في يان‌تاي.

• جامعة يان‌تاي
• جامعة لودونگ
• معهد شان‌دونگ للأعمال والتكنولوجيا

It houses a Korean international school, Korean School in Yantai.

Chefoo School previously educated foreign children.

النقل

Yantai Penglai International Airport provides scheduled flights to major airports in China as well as Seoul, Osaka, and Hong Kong.

السياحة

Penglai City's Dan Cliffs (丹崖) is said to be the departure point of the Eight Immortals on their trip to the Conference of the Magical Peach.^[]

المدن التوأم

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

أشخاص بارزون

• Chou Wen-chung (و. 1923)، ملحن
• چيوتشوجي (1148–1227)، كاهن طاوية چوان‌ژن ومؤسس طاوية بوابة التنين
• چي جي‌گوانگ (1528–1588)، قائد عسكري في أسرة مينگ، أبرز ما يُذكر له دفاعه عن سواحل الصين في وجه القراصنة اليابانيين
• Peter Stursberg (1913-2014), Canadian writer and journalist
• Fan Bingbing (b. 1981), actress
• Guanqun Yu (b. 1982), Opera singer

انظر أيضاً

• مدرسة تشى‌فو

الهامش

المراجع

• نطقب:Cite EB9.
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chi-fu" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. 6 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–3..

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yantai.

• Government website of Yantai (available in Chinese, English, German, French, Japanese and Korean)
• Old photos of Yantai (Chefoo)
• 1912 historical map of Yantai

نطقب:Yantai نطقب:Shandong topics