القرن الثاني ق.م.، بدأ في اليوم الأول من سنة 200 ق.م. وانتهى في اليوم الأخير من سنة 101 ق.م..

نظرة عامة

أحداث

عقد 190 ق.م.

• 198 ق.م.: Battle of Panium: أنطيوخوس الثالث of the Seleucid empire defeats Ptolemy V of Egypt and takes control of Coele Syria وJudea.
• 197 ق.م.: Flamininus defeats Philip V of Macedon at the Battle of Cynoscephalae.
• 196 ق.م.: Antiochus III conquers western Asia Minor and Thrace, with severe impact on relations مع روما.
• 196 ق.م.: Empress Lü's execution of Han Xin leads to the Ying Bu rebellion.
• 195 ق.م.: The War against Nabis marks the end of Spartan power in Greece.
• 195 ق.م.: Emperor Gaozu of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Hui. True power falls to Empress Lü.
• 194 ق.م.: Wiman establishes Wiman Joseon في كوريا.
• 192 ق.م.: أنطيوخوس الثالث يغزواليونان, بادئاً الحرب الرومانية السورية.
• 192 ق.م.: The Yue Kingdom of Eastern Ou established in Zhejiang with Chinese support.
• 191 ق.م.: Battle of Thermopylae: Glabrio drives أنطيوخوس الثالث out of Greece.
• 190 ق.م.: معركة ماغنسيا: روما وپرگامون يطردان أنطيوخوس الثالث من آسيا الصغرى.

عقد 189 ق.م.

• 189 ق.م.: Galatian War: Vulso and Pergamon defeat Galatia.
• 188 ق.م.: Emperor Hui of Han dies. Empress Lü remains in power.
• 185 ق.م.: Ptolemy V defeats Ankhmakis and regains control of Upper Egypt.
• c.185 ق.م.: Pushyamitra Shunga assassinates the last Maurya emperor, founding the Shunga dynasty.
• 183 ق.م.: Zhao Tuo of Nanyue declares himself Emperor and attacks China.
• 180 ق.م.: Lü Clan Disturbance: with the death of Empress Lü, Emperor Wen of Han is placed on the throne.
• c.180 ق.م.: Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, leading to the establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

عقد 170 ق.م.

• 179 ق.م.: Tiberius Gracchus ends the First Celtiberian War.
• 179 ق.م.: Zhao Tuo of Nanyue makes peace with China.
• 176 ق.م.: The Yuezhi attack the Xiongnu.
• 175 ق.م.: Antiochus IV Epiphanes, took possession of the Syrian throne, at the murder of his brother Seleucus IV Philopator, which rightly belonged to his nephew Demetrius I Soter.
• 174 ق.م.: The Xiongnu defeat the Yuezhi, who emigrate to Ili valley.

عقد 160 ق.م.

• 168 ق.م.: Roman victory in the Battle of Pydna leads to the dissolution of the Antigonid Kingdom of Macedon.
• 168 ق.م.: Antiochus IV of the Seleucid empire invades Egypt, but is forced to turn back by Gaius Popillius Laenas.
• 167 ق.م.: Mithradates I of Parthia takes Margiana and Aria from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.
• 164 ق.م., 25 Kislev: Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem (Hanukkah, Maccabean Revolt).
• 164 ق.م.: Ptolemy VIII drives Ptolemy VI out of Alexandria. He flees to Rome.
• 164 ق.م.: Antiochus IV dies on campaign, leaving the Seleucid empire to a nine-year-old child.
• 163 ق.م.: Ptolemy VI regains Alexandria. Ptolemy VIII takes Cyrenaica.
• 163 ق.م.: The rebel Timarchus seizes Media and Babylonia.
• 161 ق.م.: Battle of Vijithapura: Dutthagamani defeats the Tamil King Elara.
• 161 ق.م.: Demetrius I Soter seizes the Seleucid throne, beginning a succession war that would consume the Seleucid realm for almost a century.
• 160 ق.م.: The Wusun drive the Yuezhi out of the Ili valley.

عقد 150 ق.م.

• 158 ق.م.: The Xiongnu attack northern China.
• 157 ق.م.: Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Jing.
• 155 ق.م.: The Lusitanians begin the Lusitanian War against Rome.
• 154 ق.م.: The Celtiberians of Numantia begin the Numantine War against Rome.
• 154 ق.م.: Liu Pi leads the Rebellion of the Seven States against Emperor Jing of Han China and is defeated.
• 152 ق.م.: Alexander Balas starts a revolt against Demetrius I Soter with the support of Jonathan Maccabaeus

عقد 140 ق.م.

• 148 ق.م.: ميثريداتس الأول من پارثيا يستولي على إكباتانا من السلوقيين.
• 148 ق.م.: روما تهزم مقدونيا (الحرب المقدونية الرابعة).
• 147 ق.م.: الفوزات الهشمونية تستعيد الاستقلال الذاتي ليهودا.
• 146 ق.م.: روما تدمر وتمحومدينة قرطاج (الحرب الپونيقية الثالثة) وتدمر العصبة الآخية وتمحومن الوجود كورنثة (الحرب الآخية).
• 145 ق.م.: معركة أنطاكية: الإسكندر بالاس من الامبراطورية السلوقية يخسر عرشه وپطليموس السادس من مصر يفقد حياته.
• 145 ق.م.: پطليموس الثامن يتولى الحكم في الإسكندرية.
• ح. 145 ق.م.: آي-خانوم تـُنهَب (ربما على يد يوى‌ژي).
• 141 ق.م.: الامبراطور جينگ من هان يتوفى ويخلفه ابنه ووالذي يقوم بمحاولات للاصلاح ولكن سرعان ما تحبطها جدته.

عقد 130 ق.م.

• 139 ق.م.: The assassination of Viriathus marks the end of the Lusitanian War.
• 139 ق.م.: Mithradates I of Parthia defeats the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator and captures Babylonia.
• 138 ق.م.: Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou sparks off the Han campaigns against Minyue
• 135 ق.م.: Minyue's invasion of Nanyue leads to conquest of its western half by China. The eastern half survives as Dongyue.
• 135 ق.م.: Eunus begins the First Servile War.
• 133 ق.م.: Attalus III of Pergamon dies, bequeathing his kingdom to the Roman Republic.
• 133 ق.م.: Emperor Wu sets an ambush for the Xiongnu, beginning the Han–Xiongnu War
• 133 ق.م.: Assassination of Tiberius Gracchus.
• 133 ق.م.: Scipio Aemilianus wins the Siege of Numantia and conquers the Celtiberians.
• 132 ق.م.: Rioting on the streets of Alexandria leads to civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II.
• 130 ق.م.: Greek astronomer Hipparchus continues lifelong studies, becoming the first to calculate the precession of moon and sun and to create a sizable catalog of stars.

عقد 120 ق.م.

• 129 ق.م.: Battle of Ecbatana: Antiochus VII Sidetes of the Seleucid empire attempt to reclaim the Iranian Plateau from Parthia ends in failure.
• 127 ق.م.: Hyspaosines of Characene takes control of Babylonia.
• 126 ق.م.: Ptolemy VIII regains control of Alexandria.
• 125 ق.م.: Zhang Qian returns to China after a protracted journey through the west.
• 124 ق.م.: Artabanus II of Parthia is killed in battle with the Yuezhi and succeeded by his son Mithridates II
• 122 ق.م.: Mithradates II of Parthia regains control of Babylonia and Characene
• 121 ق.م.: Assassination of Gaius Gracchus

عقد 110 ق.م.

• 113 ق.م.: The Cimbri and Teutones arrive on the banks of the Danube in Noricum, clashing with Roman allies, beginning the Cimbrian War.
• 112 ق.م.: Jugurtha of Numidia's elimination of his co-regents sparks the Jugurthine War with Rome.
• 111 ق.م.: A power struggle in Nam Viet leads to its conquest by China, ending the Triệu dynasty and beginning of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.

عقد 100 ق.م.

• 109 ق.م.: China conquers Dian.
• 109 ق.م.: King Ugeo of Gojoseon kills a Chinese envoy, sparking the Gojoseon–Han War.
• 108 ق.م.: Chinese troops destroy Wanggeom seong, capital of Wiman Joseon, establishing the Four Commanderies of Han to govern the northern part of Korea.
• 107 ق.م.: Roman consul Gaius Marius passes the Marian Reforms, which remove all ownership restrictions for joining the Roman Army.
• 106 ق.م.: Gaius Marius and Sulla bring an end to the Jugurthine War.
• 105 ق.م.: Battle of Arausio: Cimbri and Teutones annihilate a Roman army.
• 104 – 101 ق.م.: War of the Heavenly Horses, China defeats Dayuan at great cost.
• 104 ق.م.: A mass-manumission leads to the Second Servile War في صقلية
• 102 ق.م.: Gaius Marius defeats the Teutones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae
• 101 ق.م.: Gaius Marius defeats the Cimbri at the Battle of Vercellae, ending the Cimbrian War.

مشاهير القرن

• Andriscus, last independent ruler of Macedon
• Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the last effective ruler of the Seleucid Empire
• Antiochus VII Sidetes, last King of a United Seleucid Empire
• Appius Claudius Pulcher, Roman consul and censor
• Boiorix, king of the Cimbri
• Cato the Elder (Marcus Porcius Cato), Roman politician, writer and historian
• Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician
• Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician
• Huo Qubing, Chinese general
• Jonathan Maccabaeus, leader of the Hasmonean rebellion and first autonomous ruler of Judea
• Judas Maccabeus, leader of the Hasmonean rebellion and its first successful general
• Li Guang, Chinese general
• Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Roman general and politician
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and politician
• Lucius Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of Corinth
• Perseus of Macedon, last King of the Antigonid dynasty
• Quintus Lutatius Catulus, Roman general
• Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, conqueror of Carthage
• Teutobod, King of the Teutons
• Tiberius Gracchus Roman politician and statesman
• Wei Qing, Chinese general
• Emperor Wu of Han (張騫), seventh Han Dynasty emperor, who consolidated and expanded imperial power in China
• Zhang Qian (張騫), Chinese diplomat and explorer
• Zhao Tuo, Chinese military commander who founded the Trieu dynasty

الأدب

• Apollodorus of Athens, Greek writer, grammarian, and historian
• Bion of Smyrna, Greek poet
• Gaius Lucilius, Roman satirist
• Lucius Accius, Roman poet
• Moschus, Greek poet
• Pacuvius, Roman poet
• Quintus Ennius, Roman poet
• Sima Xiangru (司馬相如), Chinese musician, poet and writer
• Titus Maccius Plautus, Roman playwright
• Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman playwright

العلوم والفلسفة

• Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer
• Carneades, Greek philosopher
• Crates of Mallus, Greek grammarian and philosopher
• Diogenes of Babylon, Greek philosopher
• Eight Immortals of Huainan (淮南八仙), Chinese philosophers
• Hipparchus, Greek astronomer
• Hypsicles, Greek mathematician and astronomer
• Liu An (劉安), Chinese geographer
• Panaetius, Greek philosopher
• Polybius, Greek historian
• Posidonius, Greek philosopher, geographer, astronomer and historian
• Seleucus of Seleucia, Hellenistic astronomer
• Sima Qian (司馬遷), Chinese historian
• Zenodorus, Greek mathematician

اختراعات، اكتشافات، وأطروحات

• The Chinese first produce paper.
• Silk Road between Europe and Asia
• Hipparchus discovers precession of Earth's equinoxes and compiles first trigonometric tables^[]
• According to legend, Liu An invents tofu
• The Roman concrete (pozzolana) first used
• Rotary mill invented by the ancient Greeks^[]
• A system for sending signs to communicate quickly over a long distance is described by Polybios^[]
• The earliest known winnowing machine is depicted in a Han Dynasty Chinese tomb model.^[]

Sovereign States

انظر: قائمة الدول ذات السيادة في القرن الثاني ق.م..

المصادر

عقود وسنوات