مملكة راتاناكوسين
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View of 19th-century Bangkok with the Golden Mount in the background.
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مملكة راتاناكوسين (بالتايلندية: อาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์؛ IPA: [āːnāːt͡ɕàk ráttanákōːsǐn]؛ بالإنگليزية: Rattanakosin Kingdom) هي رابع وآخر مركز تقليدي للسلطة في تاريخ تايلند (أوسيام). وقد تأسست في 1782 بتأسيس بانكوك كعاصمة.
The maximum zone of influence of the Rattanakosin Kingdom included the vassal states of Cambodia, Laos, Burmese Shan States, and some Malay kingdoms. The kingdom was founded by King Rama I (Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok) of the Chakri Dynasty. The first half of this period was characterised by the consolidation of the kingdom's power and was punctuated by periodic conflicts with Burma, Vietnam and Laos. The second period was one of engagements with the colonial powers of Britain and France in which Siam managed to remain the only Southeast Asian nation to maintain its independence.
Internally the kingdom developed into a modern centralised nation state with borders defined by its interactions with Western powers. Significant economic and social progress was made, marked by an increase in foreign trade, the abolition of slavery and the expansion of formal education to the emerging middle class. However, the failure to implement substantial political reforms culminated in the 1932 revolution and the abandonment of absolute monarchy in favour of a constitutional monarchy. This article covers events up until 1932; for subsequent history, see History of Thailand (1932–73).
خلفية
In 1767, after dominating southeast Asia for almost 400 years, the Ayutthaya Kingdom was brought down by invading Burmese armies.
المصلح
From kingdom to modern nation
The end of absolute rule
References
- ^ "Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
- ^ "Historic City of Ayutthaya". © UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Bibliography
- Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman. Absolute Dreams. Thai Government Under Rama VI, 1910–1925. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999
- Wyatt, David, Thailand: A Short History, Yale University Press, 1984
نطقب:Thonburi نطقب:History of Thailand 1932 - 1973 نطقب:Rattanakosin
