سيارة ذاتية القيادة

جونيور، فولكس‌ڤاگن پاسات الروبوتية، في جامعة ستانفورد، أكتوبر 2009.

السيارة ذاتية القيادة autonomous car، أوالسيارة الروبوتية، أوالاسم غير الرسمي بدون قائد أوذاتية القيادة، هي مركبة مأتممة قادرة على القيام بقدرات القيادة البشرية للسيارات التقليدية. كمركبة مأتممة، فهي قادرة على الإحساس ببيئتها والتنقل بدون تدخل الإنسان. توجد السيارات الروبوتية بصفة أساسية كنماذج وأجهزة برهنة، لكنها قد تصبح أكثر إنتشاراً في المستقبل القريب.

تشعر مركبات القيادة الذاتية بالمحيط بها عن طريق تقنيات مثل الرادار، اليدار، نظام التمسقط العالمي، ورؤية الحاسوب. أنظمة التحكم المتقدمة تفسر هذه المعلومات الحسية لتحديد المسار الملائم للملاحة، وكذلك العوائق واللافتات ذات الصلة. بعض مركبات القيادة الذاتية تقوم بتحديث خرائطها بالإعتماد على مدخل المجسات، مما يسمح لتلك المركبات بالمحافظة على السير في مسقطها حتى لوتغيرت الظروف أوحتى لودخلت في بيئات مجهلة.

المزايا المحتملة

رسم تخيلي لسيارة القيادة الذاتية من مرسيدس، نشرته وال ستريت جورنال، 29 سبتمبر 2013.

Fewer traffic collisions, due to an autonomous system's increased reliability and faster reaction time compared to human drivers.
Increased roadway capacity and reduced traffic congestion (due to reduced need for safety gaps), and the ability to better manage traffic flow.
Relief of vehicle occupants from driving and navigation chores.
Higher speed limit for autonomous cars.
Removal of constraints on occupants' state – in an autonomous car, it would not matter if the occupants were under age, over age, blind, distracted, intoxicated, or otherwise impaired.
Alleviation of parking scarcity, as cars could drop off passengers, park far away where space is not scarce, and return as needed to pick up passengers.
Elimination of redundant passengers – humans are not required to take the car anywhere, as the robotic car can drive independently to wherever it is required, such as to pick up passengers or to go in for maintenance. This would be especially relevant to trucks, taxis and car-sharing services.
Increased practicality of local delivery services. Automatic vehicles could be dispatched from grocery stores, retailers, or other businesses in an efficiently networked system. Coupled with online or app-enabled ordering systems, traffic for daily errands could be reduced.
Reduction of space required for vehicle parking.
Reduction in the need for traffic police and vehicle insurance.
Reduction of physical road signage – autonomous cars could receive necessary communication electronically (although physical signs may still be required for any human drivers).
Improved fuel efficiency.
Reduced air pollution as a result of less emissions and traffic congestion.

التحديات

Liability for damage.
Resistance for individuals to fofeit control of their cars. Many Americans overestimate their driving ability compared to others.
A car's computer could theoretically be compromised, as could a communication system between cars.

التاريخ

A street intersection in the City of the Future; detail of the Futurama exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair

Central Power and Light Company's advertisement sketch

General Motors' Firebird III on display at the Century 21 Exposition, Seattle, 1962.

التاريخ المبكر

الثمانينيات

التسعينيات

عقد 2000

عقد 2010

Many major automotive manufacturers, including General Motors, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan, Toyota, BMW, Volvo, and Cadillac, are testing driverless car systems as of 2013. BMW has been testing driverless systems since around 2005, while in 2010, Audi sent a driverless Audi TTS to the top of Pike’s Peak at close to race speeds. In 2011, GM created the EN-V (short for Electric Networked Vehicle), an autonomous electric urban vehicle. In 2012, Volkswagen began testing a "Temporary Auto Pilot" (TAP) system that will allow a car to drive itself at speeds of up to 80 ميل في الساعة (130 كم/س) on the highway. Ford has conducted extensive research into driverless systems and vehicular communication systems. In January 2013, Toyota demonstrated a partially self-driving car with numerous sensors and communication systems. Other programs in the field include the 2GetThere passenger vehicles from هولندا and the DARPA Grand Challenge in the USA; some plans for bimodal public transport systems include autonomous cars as a component.

In 2010, Italy's VisLab ran the VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge (VIAC), a 9,900-ميل (15,900 kم) test run which marked the first intercontinental land journey completed by autonomous vehicles. Four driverless electric vans successfully completed the 100-day journey, leaving Parma, Italy, on 20 July 2010, and arriving at the Shanghai Expo in China on 28 October.

On July 12, 2013, VisLab conducted another pioneering test of autonomous vehicles, during which a robotic vehicle drove in downtown Parma with no human control, successfully navigating roundabouts, traffic lights, pedestrian crossings and other common hazards.

Although as of 2013, fully autonomous vehicles are not yet available to the public, many contemporary car models have features offering limited autonomous functionality. These include adaptive cruise control, a system that monitors distances to adjacent vehicles in the same lane, adjusting the speed with the flow of traffic; lane assist, which monitors the vehicle's position in the lane, and either warns the driver when the vehicle is leaving its lane, or, less commonly, takes corrective actions; and parking assist, which assists the driver in the task of parallel parking.

التسقطات الرسمية

Major automobile manufacturers and technology companies have made numerous official predictions for the development of autonomous car technology in the near future.

In 2013, the 2014 Mercedes S-Class will have the option of autonomous steering, lane guidance, acceleration/braking, parking, accident avoidance, and driver fatigue detection, in both city traffic and highway speeds of up to 124 ميلs (200 kم) per hour.
In 2013, the 2014 BMW i3 will autonomously steer, accelerate and brake in traffic jams at up to 25 ميلs (40 kم) per hour.
By 2014, Volvo expects vehicles that can be autonomous at up to 31 ميلs (50 kم) per hour, with expected use in heavy traffic.
By 2014, Israeli company Mobileye expects to release semi-autonomous car technology.
By 2015, Audi plans to market vehicles that can autonomously steer, accelerate and brake at lower speeds, such as in traffic jams.
By 2015, Cadillac plans vehicles with "super cruise": autonomous steering, braking and lane guidance.
By 2015, Nissan expects to sell vehicles with autonomous steering, braking, lane guidance, throttle, gear shifting, and, as permitted by law, unoccupied self-parking after passengers exit.
By 2016, Tesla expects to develop technology that behaves autonomously for 90 percent of distance driven.
By 2016, Mobileye expects to release fully autonomous car technology.
By 2018, Google expects to release their autonomous car technology.
By 2020, Volvo envisages having cars in which passengers would be immune from injuries.
By 2020, GM, Daimler, Audi, Nissan and BMW all expect to sell autonomous cars.

التشريعات

A Toyota Prius modified by Google to operate as a driverless car.

نظم اتصالات المركبات

التسقطات

استطلاعات الرأي العام

مشروعات شهيرة

في الخيال

في السينما

في الأدب

انظر أيضاً

تكنولوجيات السيارات المستقبلية
نظام النقل الذكي
مركبة أرضية غير مأهولة
Vehicle infrastructure integration

معرض الصور

Popular Mechanics, August 1933, "They've Gone Automatic!"
Popular Science, May 1958, "The Car That Drives Itself"
Popular Mechanics, August 1958, "This Car Has Electric Brains
Popular Science, October 1967, "How You'll ‘Drive' the Amazing Urbmobile
Popular Science, April 1967, "Automatic Car has Single Control
Popular Science, October 1967, "How You'll ‘Drive' the Amazing Urbmobile
مدير ترويج المعارض فريق لوكس سائق سيارة في متحف العلوم في لندن.
نظام تثبيت السرعة هوالنظام الأساسي تأهيل سائق نظام تثبيت السرعة يقع أقرب إلى الخيال الفهمي في نهاية الطيف
الفرامل المانعة للانغلاق، ميزة قياسية في معظم السيارات، هي الشكل الأساسي لتكنولوجيا السيارات بدون سائق.

المصادر

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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ToyotaBot
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قراءات إضافية

O'Toole, Randal (2009). . Cato Institute. ISBN .
Macdonald, Iain David Graham (2011). (PDF) (thesis). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 17 April 2013.

وصلات خارجية

"Moral Machines". The New Yorker. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
"The Ethics of Saving Lives With Autonomous Cars Are Far Murkier Than You Think". Wired. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
"Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States". Stanford Law School. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
"The car that parks itself". The Economist. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
"The Race for the First Driverless Car". Car Loan 4U. March 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
"Driverless Cars Now Legal in Nevada". BuzzFeed. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
"Sebastian Thrun, the director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University talks about winning the DARPA Grand Challenge, Stanley, robot cars, AI, and eradicating traffic injuries". Executive Talks. 12 May 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2013.