النزاع الهجري الكردي (1978–الآن)
النزاع الهجري الكردي[15]، هونزاع مسلح بين جمهورية هجريا وجماعات كردية متمردة مختلفة، التي تطالب بالانفصال عن هجريا لتأسيس دولة كردستان المستقلة]]، أوالحصول على حكم ذاتي والمزيد من الحقوق السياسية والثقافية للأكراد داخل الجمهورية الهجرية. الجماعة المتمردة الرئيسية هي حزب العمال الكردستاني (بالكردية: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan). بالرغم من قيام المتمردين بهجمات في الكثير من مناطق هجريا، إلا حتى التمرد يهجرز بصفة أساسية في جنوب شرق هجريا. وجود حزب العمال الكردستاني في منطقة كردستان بالعراق والتي يقومون بشن الهجمات من داخلها، أسفر عن قيام القوات المسلحة الهجرية بهجمات جوية وبرية ومدفعية في تلك المنطقة. كلف النزاع الاقتصاد الهجري 300-400 بليون دولار، معظمها خسائر عسكرية. كما أثر النزاع على السياحة في هجريا.
The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near Lice) by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. By then, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" until 1991. The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. The PKK was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's ethnic Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's ethnic Kurdish minority.
The full-scale insurgency, however, did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, most of whom were Kurdish civilians. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses. Many judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements, destroyed villages,arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.
The first insurgency lasted until 1 September 1999, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. The armed conflict was later resumed on 1 June 2004, when the PKK declared an end to its ceasefire. Since summer 2011, the conflict has become increasingly violent with resumption of large-scale hostilities. In 2013 the Turkish Government and the jailed PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan started talks. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks. On July 25, 2015, the PKK finally cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after a year of tension due to various events, including the Turks bombing PKK positions in Iraq, in the midst of the Kurds' battle against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. With the resumption of violence, hundreds of ethnic Kurdish civilians have been killed and numerous human rights violations have occurred including torture, rape and widespread destruction of property. Turkish authorities have destroyed substantial parts of many Kurdish inhabited cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by AKP and PKK. The ceasefire broke in summer 2015 due to political tensions.
خلفية
التاريخ
البدايات
التمرد الأول
1984–93
OHAL region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002
1993–1999
وقف إطلاق النار أحادي الجانب
KADEK flag
KONGRA-GEL flag
التمرد الثاني
مناصروحزب العمال الكردستاني في لندن، أبريل 2003.
مظاهرة ضد حزب العمال الكردستاني في إسطنبول، 22 أكتوبر 2007.
جهود حل النزاع
متمردوحزب العمال الكردستاني يحتفلون بعيد النيروز في قنديل، 23 مارس، 2014.
التصعيد
2015–الآن
سرهلدان
الحركة السياسية الكردية
| الاسم | الاختصار | الزعيم | النشاط |
|---|---|---|---|
| حزب عمال الشعب | HEP | Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar | 1990–1993 |
| الحزب الديمقراطي | DEP | Yaşar Kaya | 1993–1994 |
| حزب ديمقرطية الشعب | HADEP | Murat Bozlak | 1994–2003 |
| حزب الشعب الديمقراطي | DEHAP | Tuncer Bakırhan | 1997–2005 |
| حركة المجتمع الديمقراطي | DTH | Leyla Zana | 2005 |
| الحزب الاجتماعي الديمقراطي | DTP | Ahmet Türk | 2005–2009 |
| حزب السلام والديمقراطية | BDP | Gültan Kışanak, Selahattin Demirtaş | 2008–2014 |
| حزب المناطق الديمقراطية | DBP | Emine Ayna, Kamûran Yüksek | 2014–present |
| حزب الديمقراطية الشعبية | HDP | Figen Yüksekdağ, Selahattin Demirtaş | 2012–الآن |
مناصروحزب الديمقراطية الشعبية يحتلفون بنتائج حزبهم في الانتخابات، إسطنبول،ثمانية يونيو2015.
الخسائر
| السنة | أدنى تقدير | أعلى تقدير |
|---|---|---|
| 1989 | 227 | 234 |
| 1990 | 245 | 303 |
| 1991 | 304 | 310 |
| 1992 | 1,518 | 1,598 |
| 1993 | 2,099 | 2,394 |
| 1994 | 4,000 | 4,488 |
| 1995 | 3,076 | 3,951 |
| 1996 | 3,533 | 3,578 |
| 1997 | 4,247 | 5,483 |
| 1998 | 1,952 | 2,039 |
| 1999 | 1,403 | 1,481 |
| 2000 | 173 | 189 |
| 2001 | 81 | 96 |
| 2002 | 35 | 100 |
| 2003 | 79 | 82 |
| 2004 | 180 | 322 |
| 2005 | 324 | 611 |
| 2006 | 210 | 274 |
| 2007 | 458 | 509 |
| 2008 | 501 | 1,068 |
| 2009 | 128 | 149 |
| 2010 | 328 | 433 |
| 2011 | 599 | 822 |
| Total: | 25,825 | 30,639 |
| السنة | قوات الأمن | المدنيون | المترمردون | الإجمالي |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 26 | 43 | 28 | 97 |
| 1985 | 58 | 141 | 201 | 400 |
| 1986 | 51 | 133 | 74 | 258 |
| 1987 | 71 | 237 | 95 | 403 |
| 1988 | 54 | 109 | 123 | 286 |
| 1989 | 153 | 178 | 179 | 510 |
| 1990 | 161 | 204 | 368 | 733 |
| 1991 | 244 | 233 | 376 | 853 |
| 1992 | 629 | 832 | 1,129 | 2,590 |
| 1993 | 715 | 1,479 | 3,050 | 5,244 |
| 1994 | 1,145 | 992 | 2,510 | 4,647 |
| 1995 | 772 | 313 | 4,163 | 5,248 |
| 1996 | 608 | 170 | 3,789 | 4,567 |
| 1997 | 518 | 158 | 7,558 | 8,234 |
| 1998 | 383 | 85 | 2,556 | 3,024 |
| 1999 | 236 | 83 | 1,458 | 1,787 |
| 2000 | 29 | 17 | 319 | 365 |
| 2001 | 20 | 8 | 104 | 132 |
| 2002 | 7 | 7 | 19 | 33 |
| 2003 | 31 | 63 | 87 | 181 |
| 2004 | 75 | 28 | 122 | 225 |
| 2005 | 105 | 30 | 188 | 323 |
| 2006 | 111 | 38 | 132 | 281 |
| 2007 | 146 | 37 | 315 | 498 |
| 2008 | 171 | 51 | 696 | 918 |
| 2009 | 62 | 18 | 65 | 145 |
| 2010 | 72 | - | - | - |
| Total: | 6,653 | 5,687 | 29,704 | 42,044 |
التأثير الديمغرافي
انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان
انتهاكات من الجانب الهجري
انتهاكات من حزب العمال الكردستاني
انظر أيضاً
- النزاع العراقي الكردي
- النزاع الإيراني الكردي
- خط زمني للنزاع الهجري الكردي
- قائمة عمليات القوات المسلحة الهجرية في شمال العراق
- التدخل الهجري في الحرب الأهلية السورية
- نزاع هجريا وداعش
- قائمة النزاعات المعاصرة في الشرق الأوسط
الهوامش
- The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict, the Kurdish question, the Kurdish insurgency, the Kurdish rebellion, the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, or PKK-terrorism as well as the latest Kurdish uprising or as a civil war.
- According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.
- According to an article published in Defence and Peace Economics by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich titled "Fighting terrorism: Are military measures effective? Empirical evidence from Turkey", military anti-terrorism measures alone are not sufficient to prevent PKK terrorism in Turkey.
- A recent article published in Applied Research in Quality of Life by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich investigates the impact of education and poverty on terrorism in Turkey using econometric techniques.
المصادر
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The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
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^ Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN .
The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.
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^ Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN .
The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
-
^ Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN .
Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).
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^ Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN .
With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...
-
^ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN .
PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
-
^ "Terrorism Havens: Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. December 1, 2005.
Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.
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^ "Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?". Rudaw. 27 June 2016.
Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.
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<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةbelge -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
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<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةwounded -
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The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey.
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Some of the most extensively damaged sites are Nusaybin, Derik and Dargeçit (Mardin); Sur, Bismil and Dicle (Diyarbakır); and Cizre and Silopi (Şırnak).
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