علاقات تنزانيا وصندوق النقد الدولي
تتناول هذه الموضوعة علاقات تنزانيا وصندوق النقد الدولي. تنزانيا عضوفي صندوق النقد الدولي وتبلغ حصتها الحالية 551.35 مليون دولار (397.8 مليون وحدة حقوق سحب خاصة)، وهي جزء من نطاق تقوده جنوب أفريقيا ونيجريا بإجمالي حصة تصويت 2.97%. بدأت تدخلات صندوق النقد الدولي في اقتصاد تنزانيا منذ السبعينيات. على مدار السنين، كان هناك ثلاث مراحل لتدخل صندوق النقد في تنزانيا: جولة الإصلاح الأولى التي استمرت من 1986 حتى 1995، الجولة الثانية والتي استمرت من 1996 حتى 2006، والجولة الثالثة والتي كانت هجرز بشكل رئيسي على دعم الإصلاحات التي تم إجراؤها في المراحل السابقة.
كان الاقتصاد الزراعي الذي تعتمد عليه تنزانيا يتراجع باستمرار منذ السبعينيات. عام 1979، تدخل صندوق النقد الدولي واقترح على تنزانيا سلسلة من التغييرات الرئيسية استجابة لتدهور اقتصادها؛ وكان تخفيض قيمة العملة هوالهجريز الرئيسي للتغييرات المقترحة. إلا حتى تنزانيا قد رفضت تخفيض عملتها وطلبت من صندوق النقد الدولي مغادرة البلاد في نوفمبر 1979. والأمر الأكثر إثارة للدهشة هوأنه عندما طردت تنزانيا صندوق النقد الدولي من البلاد، كان اقتصادها بالعمل على حافة الإفلاس. قام صندوق النقد الدولي بتأسيس مجموعة تنزانيا الاستشارية لتعزيز العلاقات بين صندوق النقد وتنزانيا- وكان الهدف الرئيسي من مجموعة تنزانيا الاستشارية هوتخفيض قيمة الشلن التنزاني. لم تظهر لجهود المجموعة أي ثمار تقريباً حتى عام 1986، عندما قام علي حسن مويني، الرئيس التنزاني الجديد الذي اتى خلفاً للرئيس السابق جوليوس نيريري، إلا حتى اقتصاد البلاد كان على وشك الانهيار التام.
جولة الإصلاحات الأولى 1986–1996
In 1986, Tanzania finally entered into a stand-by agreement with the IMF; under this agreement, a program was enacted to liberalize interest rate, eliminate price control, unify exchange rate etc. One important factor to understand was that, at that time, the relationship between the IMF and Tanzania was still not in good shape; with that being said, the amount of aid provided by the stand-by agreement was not a lot as it accounted only 60% of Tanzania’s quota at that time. The main purpose behind this agreement was mainly to reconstruct investors’ confidence in Tanzania by providing the country with an IMF’s approval. Successfully, this agreement achieved its goal as many developed countries were willing to provide aids to Tanzania if the country followed the proposed reforms listed under the agreement. From the US$78.5 million (64.2 million SDR) approved by the agreement, only 55.6 million (45.47 million SDR) was withdrawn. The first round of reform came to an end in 1996, and Tanzania achieved most of the reforms during this duration of time.
جولة الإصلاحات الثانية 1996–2006
From 1996 to 2006, the second round of reform started. The second reform focused on areas like improving government financial services as well as strengthening the goals achieved from the previous reform. One of the most difficult policy goal was the restructuring of the parastatals; under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) programs implemented by the IMF, Tanzania successfully privatized most of the parastatals in manufacturing and agricultural sectors in 2005 (see Table A3). As for the financial sector, a joint IMF–World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program was approved to provide Tanzania with comprehensive and analytical support for better financial development. Under this program, Tanzania received great support from donor countries and eventually unlocked the HIPC and MDRI debt relief to eliminate its existing debt.
من 2006 - الآن
The third round of reform focused mainly on creating fit policies to accommodate the economic reforms brought forth by the previous two reforms. From 2006 and on, the IMF’s interference switched to providing the country with policy advice. Under the operation of the Policy Support Instrument (PSI), the IMF continues to provide the country with economic advice fostering better economic growth rate and improving the situation of poverty. As we can see from the IMF record, starting since 2003, the amount of loan to Tanzania approved by the IMF was only US$29.1 million, and in 2007, only the PSI was in operation and no loan was included. This greatly signals that the IMF has assumed a more passive role as a policy advisor in the case of Tanzania. From the 2017 policy report of Tanzania, the IMF stated that the economy of Tanzania, with the implementation of the PSI-supported program, is looking strong with a moderate level of inflation.
المصادر
- ^ "IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ Nord, Sobolev, Dunn, Hajdenberg, Hobdari, Maziad, and Roudet, Roger, Yuri, David, Alejandro, Niko, Samar, and Stéphane (2009). Tanzania: The Story of an African Transition. United States: International Monetary Fund. p. 76.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Nord, Sobolev, Dunn, Hajdenberg, Hobdari, Maziad, and Roudet, Roger, Yuri, David, Alejandro, Niko, Samar, and Stéphane (2009). . United States: International Monetary Fund. p. 1.
- ^ Edward, Sebastian. . University of California, Los Angeles & National Bureau of Economic Research, P. 22-23
- ^ Edward, Sebastian. . University of California, Los Angeles & National Bureau of Economic Research, P. 26.
- ^ Nord, Sobolev, Dunn, Hajdenberg, Hobdari, Maziad, and Roudet, Roger, Yuri, David, Alejandro, Niko, Samar, and Stéphane (2009). . United States: International Monetary Fund. p. 70.
- ^ Edward, Sebastian. . University of California, Los Angeles & National Bureau of Economic Research, P. 28.
- ^ "Tanzania: History of Lending Arrangements as of November 30, 2013". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ Nord, Sobolev, Dunn, Hajdenberg, Hobdari, Maziad, and Roudet, Roger, Yuri, David, Alejandro, Niko, Samar, and Stéphane (2009). . United States: International Monetary Fund. p. 71.
- ^ Edward, Sebastian. . University of California, Los Angeles & National Bureau of Economic Research, P. 40-41.
- ^ Nord, Sobolev, Dunn, Hajdenberg, Hobdari, Maziad, and Roudet, Roger, Yuri, David, Alejandro, Niko, Samar, and Stéphane (2009). . United States: International Monetary Fund. p. 72.
- ^ "Tanzania: Financial Position in the Fund as of November 30, 2013". International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "IMF Staff Completes Visit to Tanzania". International Monetary Fund.
