مملكة المجر

مملكة المجر
الأسماء
مملكة المجر; الأسماء ; Regnum Hungariae (Latin); Königreich Ungarn (الألمانية); Magyar Királyság (مجرية)
	1000–1918; 1920–1946;
	Flag (1867-1918) الدرع
	Motto: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae; "Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary"
	النشيد: Himnusz; Hymn; النشيد الملكي; God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country!
	مملكة المجر (أخضر داكن) وكرواتيا-سلاڤونيا (أخضر فاتح) ضمن النمسا-المجر في 1914
العاصمة	Budapest العواصم التاريخية: إسترگوم (القرن العاشر إلى منتصف القرن 13) ; بودا (منتصف القرن 13 إلى 1541)a ; پرس‌بورگ (1536–1783) ; دبرتسن (1849) ; سيكش‌فهيرڤار (مقر diets، المقعد الملكي، مسقط التتويج والدفن من 1000 إلى 1543) ;
اللغات الشائعة	اللغات الرسمية: اللاتينية (1000–1784; 1790–1844) ; الألمانية (1784–1790; 1849–1867) ; المجرية (1836–1849; 1867–1946) ; لغات أخرى:; الپولندية، الرومانية، السلوڤاكية, الكرواتية، السلوڤينية، الصربية، الإيطالية، Ruthenian, Carpathian Romani, Yiddish
الدين	Roman Catholic,الكالڤنية, اللوثرية, الأرثوذكسية الشرقية، الكاثوليكية الشرقية، Unitarianism, اليهودية
الحكومة	ملكية
العاهل
• 1000–1038	ستفان الأول (الأول)
• 1916–1918	Charles IV (الأخير)
• 1920–1944	Regent Miklós Horthy
Palatine
• 1009–1038	Samuel Aba
• 1847–1848	Stephen Francis Victor
رئيس الوزراء
• 1848	Lajos Batthyány
• 1945–1946	Zoltán Tildy
التشريع	Diet (from the 1290s)
• الغرفة العليا	House of Magnates; (1867–1918; 1926–1945)
• الغرفة الدنيا	House of Representatives; (1867–1918; 1927–1945)
الحقبة التاريخية	الألفية الثانية
• تتويج ستفان الأول	25 ديسمبر 1000
• الاحتلال العثماني; لـبودا	29 أغسطس 1541
• الثورة المجرية	15 مارس 1848
• تسوية 1867	20 مارس 1867
• معاهدة تريانون	4 يونيو1920
• إلغاء الملكية	1 فبراير 1946
Area
1200	282,870 kم2 (109,220 ميل2)
1910	282,870 kم2 (109,220 ميل2)
1930	93,073 kم2 (35,936 ميل2)
التعداد
• 1200	2000000
• 1711	3000000
• 1790	8000000
• 1910	18264533
• 1930	8688319
Currency	Florentinus (1325–1553); Thaler; Florin (1754–1867) ; Forint (1867–1892) ; Korona (1892–1918) ; Korona (1919–1926) ; Pengő (1927–1946) ; Adópengő (1946) ;
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	إمارة المجر
	الجمهورية المجرية (1919–20)
الجمهورية المجرية الأولى
الجمهورية المجرية الثانية
Today part of	النمسا ; البوسنة والهرسك ; كرواتيا ; المجر ; پولندا ; رومانيا ; صربيا ; سلوڤاكيا ; سلوڤنيا ; أوكرانيا ;
	First became capital in 1256;

مملكة المجر كانت ملكية في وسط أوروپا that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom in about the year 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world.

Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.

From 1867 territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–46, ending with the Soviet occupation in 1946.

The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic state from its inception until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of what is now Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia, being in personal union with it, united under the King of Hungary.

Today, the feast day of the first king Stephen I (20 August) is a national holiday in Hungary, commemorating the foundation of the state (Foundation Day).

الأسماء

The Latin forms Regnum Hungariae or Ungarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of Mary); or simply Hungaria, were the names used in official documents in Latin from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s.

The German name Königreich Ungarn was used officially from 1784 to 1790 and again between 1849 and the 1860s.

The Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and then again from the 1860s to 1946. The non-official Hungarian name of the kingdom was Magyarország, which is still the colloquial, and also the official name of Hungary.

The names in the other native languages of the kingdom were: بالپولندية: Królestwo Węgier, بالرومانية: Regatul Ungariei, بالصربية: Kraljevina Ugarska, بالكرواتية: Kraljevina Ugarska, بالسلوڤينية: Kraljevina Ogrska, بالسلوڤاكية: Uhorské kráľovstvo, and Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.

In Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), the unofficial name Transleithania was sometimes used to denote the regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Officially, the term Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen was included for the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, although this term was also in use prior to that time.

الأصول

العواصم

Name	Time period
Székesfehérvár	1000–1543
Esztergom	1000–1256
Buda	1256–1315
Temesvár	1315–1323
Visegrád	1323–1408
Buda	1408–1485
Vienna	1485–1490
Buda	1490–1536 (1541)
Lippa (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom)	1541–1542
Gyulafehérvár (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom)	1542–1570
Pressburg	1536–1784
Buda	1784–1849
Debrecen	1849
Buda	1849–1873
Budapest	1873–1944
Debrecen	1944
Budapest	1944–1946

العصور الوسطى

العصور الوسطى العليا

King Stephen I of Hungary

عصر سگسموند

King Sigismund of Hungary

Western conquests of Matthias Corvinus

Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

Hunyadi family

العصر الحديث المبكر

المملكة المقسمة

The Battle of Buda (1686): Hungarians and the Holy League (1684) reconquer Buda.

The Kuruc age

Kuruc-Labanc battle

Counties of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen around 1880

عصر التنوير

الثورة المجرية 1848

النمسا-المجر (1867–1918)

انتنطقات (1918 to 1920)

Two short-lived republics

معاهدة تريانون (1920)

The Treaty of Trianon: Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of itsعشرة biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines. 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.

بين 1920 و1946

فترة ما بين الحربين

Miklós Horthy was regent of Hungary.

István Bethlen, the Prime Minister of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942، أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية

أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية 1941–1945

انظر أيضاً

Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
List of Hungarian rulers
Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary
Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary
Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)
Holy Crown of Hungary
Coat of arms of Hungary

References

^ Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.
^ The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up المسيحية الغربية. Hungary remained solely Catholic until the Reformation took place during the 16th century and, as a result, اللوثرية ثم سريعاً بعد ذلك إلى الكالڤنية started to spread.
^ J. C. Russell, “Population in Europe 500-1500,” in The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London: Collins/Fontana Books, 1972), p. 25.
^ Emil Valkovics:Demography of contemporary Hungarian society, 1996, p. 15
^ Kollega Tarsoly, István, ed. (1996). "Magyarország". Révai nagy lexikona (in Hungarian). Volume 21. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. p. 572. ISBN .CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9
^ Élesztős László; et al., eds. (2004). "Magyarország". Révai új lexikona (in Hungarian). Volume 13. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. pp. 882, 895. ISBN .CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Kristó Gyula - Barta János - Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN 963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország.../Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644
^ Stickel, Gerhard (1 January 2010). "National, regional and minority languages in Europe: contributions to the annual conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin". Peter Lang – via Google Books.
^ "Hungary - history - geography".
^ "Hungary: St. Stephen's Day - office Holidays".
^ Hintersteiner, Norbert (9 February 2017). "Naming and Thinking God in Europe Today: Theology in Global Dialogue". Rodopi – via Google Books.
^ "Magyarország geográfiai szótára".
^ Fundamental Law of Hungary (2012), Wikisource
^ Francis Tapon: The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us, Thomson Press India, 2012
^ Molnar, , p. 262
^ Richard C. Frucht, p. 359-360M1

External links

Hungary in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

نطقب:HUCountiesto1918

Coordinates:

[1] Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.

[religion-2] The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up المسيحية الغربية. Hungary remained solely Catholic until the Reformation took place during the 16th century and, as a result, اللوثرية ثم سريعاً بعد ذلك إلى الكالڤنية started to spread.

[3] J. C. Russell, “Population in Europe 500-1500,” in The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London: Collins/Fontana Books, 1972), p. 25.

[4] Emil Valkovics:Demography of contemporary Hungarian society, 1996, p. 15

[5] Kollega Tarsoly, István, ed. (1996). "Magyarország". Révai nagy lexikona (in Hungarian). Volume 21. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. p. 572. ISBN .CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[carth-6] Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9

[7] Élesztős László; et al., eds. (2004). "Magyarország". Révai új lexikona (in Hungarian). Volume 13. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. pp. 882, 895. ISBN .CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Krist.C3.B3-8] Kristó Gyula - Barta János - Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN 963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország.../Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644

[9] Stickel, Gerhard (1 January 2010). "National, regional and minority languages in Europe: contributions to the annual conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin". Peter Lang – via Google Books.

[10] "Hungary - history - geography".

[11] "Hungary: St. Stephen's Day - office Holidays".

[12] Hintersteiner, Norbert (9 February 2017). "Naming and Thinking God in Europe Today: Theology in Global Dialogue". Rodopi – via Google Books.

[F.C3.A9nyes-13] "Magyarország geográfiai szótára".

[constitution-14] Fundamental Law of Hungary (2012), Wikisource

[15] Francis Tapon: The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us, Thomson Press India, 2012

[16] Molnar, , p. 262

[17] Richard C. Frucht, p. 359-360M1

• • التطور التاريخي للمجر
← Principality of Hungary (896-1000)		Royal Hungary → (1526–1571) Eastern Hungarian Kingdom → (1526–1571) Southern parts occupied by the Ottoman Empire → (1541–1699)
← Principality of Hungary (896-1000)	Kingdom of Hungary