الكوزموبوليتانية
الكوزموپوليتانية Cosmopolitanism
اللاقومية ، تعبير مصطلح استخدمه كارل ماركس وفريدريك أنجلز ، لوصف حالة الشركات الاحتكارية ، التي تلد من رحم المنافسة الرأسمالية ، وقصد ماركس وأنجلز إستعمال هذا التعبير ليكون وصف أكثر دقة ، لحالة اندماج بين شركات من عدة جنسيات، تبحث عن يد عاملة رخيصة ومواد أولية وفيرة ، بحيث تفقد الشركات صبغتها القومية ، ويصبح منتجها مصنعا في أكثر من بلد، ورادف هذا المصطلح الكثير من المصطلحات ففي أدبيات فوكوياما أطلق اسم العولمة على حالة فتح أسواق العالم، بشكل حر والقضاء على الصناعات القومية أما لينين استخدم مصطلح الإمبريالية في كتابه الإمبريالية أعلى مراحل الرأسمالية ودرج في أدبيات الأحزاب اليسارية مصطلح الشركات العابرة للقارات.
الفلسفية
الجذور الفلسفية
Cosmopolitanism can be traced back to ديوجينس من سينوپ (ح. 412 ق.م.), the founding father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece. Of Diogenes it is said: "Asked where he came from, he answered: 'I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolitês)'". In Ancient Greece, the broadest basis of social identity in at that time was either the individual city-state or the Greeks (Hellenes) as a group. The Stoics, who later took Diogenes' idea and developed the idea, typically stressed that each human being "dwells [...] in two communities – the local community of our birth, and the community of human argument and aspiration". A common way to understand Stoic cosmopolitanism is through Hierocles' circle model of identity that states that we should regard ourselves as concentric circles, the first one around the self, next immediate family, extended family, local group, citizens, countrymen, humanity. Within these circles human beings feel a sense of "affinity" or "endearment" towards others, which the Stoics termed Oikeiôsis. The task of world citizens becomes then to "draw the circles somehow towards the centre, making all human beings more like our fellow city dwellers, and so forth".
المفكرون الكوزموپوليتانيون المعاصرون
In his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, إيمانويل كانت stages a ius cosmopoliticum (cosmopolitan law/right) as a guiding principle to protect people from war, and morally grounds this cosmopolitan right by the principle of universal hospitality. Kant there claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to "use of the right to the earth's surface which belongs to the human race in common" (see common heritage of humanity) would "finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution".
انظر أيضاً
- Anarchism
- Anti-nationalism
- Anti-patriotism
- معاداة السامية
- Cosmopolitan (disambiguation)
- Cross-culturalism
- Cultural universal
- Democratic globalization
- Europeanism
- Eurasianism
- Evolutionary ethics
- Existential migration
- Flag of Earth
- Global citizenship
- Global justice
- حقوق الإنسان
- Humanism
- Interculturalism
- Internationalism (politics)
- ليبرالية
- Libertarianism
- Multiculturalism
- Patriotism
- Rootless cosmopolitan
- Transculturation
- United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
- Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
الهامش
- ^ Diogenes Laertius, The Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book VI, passage 63; online text in Greek and in English at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. (1997). Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism, in The Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 5, Nr 1, pp. 1–25
- ^ Immanuel Kant. 'Toward Perpetual Peace' in Practical Philosophy – Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Gregor MJ (trans.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1999. p329 (8:358).
وصلات خارجية
- نطقب:Cite SEP
- Living in the World Risk Society by Ulrich Beck at the London School of Economics
- The Venus Project
- 'Cosmopolitans' an essay on the philosophical history of cosmopolitanism
- ref 1: GTI Paper Series see Dawn of the Cosmopolitan: The Hope of a Global Citizens Movement, paper #15, and Global Politics and Institutions, paper #3
