أشولية أوحضارة أشولية (Acheulean) هي فترة صناعية في عصر ماقبل التاريخ بمنطقة مدينة سانت آشول بشمال فرنسا. ويتميز هذا المسقط الأثري بكثافة الآثار من البلط الحجرية التي لها أيدي والآلات الحجرية المصقولة كالفؤوس المدببة والبيضاوية التي كان يستعملها الإنسان الأول . وبوفرة وأكثر مما عثر في مواقع أولدفاي بشرق أفريقيا . وأصبحت الأشولينية مصطلحا يطلقه فهماء الآثار علي مواقع لصناعة البلط اليدوية المدببة والمفلطحة والمكاشط من الحجر المصقول لذبح الحيوانات وتجهيزها . ويرجع تاريخها لعصر ماقبل التاريخ في أفريقيا والشرق الأدني وأوربا وآسيا ويرجع تاريخها إلي 5,1 مليون سنة وحتي 200,000 سنة .وهذه الفترة تطورية حبث تحول الإنسان المنتصب Homo erectus لإنسان عاقل Homo sapiens .ويطلق علي إنسان هذا العصر الإنسان الأشولي الذي عاش قرب الأنهار في أوروبا وأفريقيا وآسيا وظهرت مصنوعات خشبية ترجع للفترة الأشولية كالحراب التي عثر عليها شوننگن بألمانيا وكلاتون بإنجلترا . ويرجح الفهماء حتى الإنسان الأشوليني إستخدم النار منذ 300 ألف سنة عندما عثروا علي بقايا عظام وأحجار محروقة وفحم ورماد في عدة مواقع أشولينية كما في كهف المواقد Cave of Hearths بجنوب أفريقيا وزوكوديان بالصين وتـِرّا أماتا بفرنسا. لكن لاتوجد مواقد نيران تذكر بهذه الفترة .

الأدوات الحجرية الأشولية

التوزيع

انظر أيضاً

• Lithic reduction
• العصر الحجري
• Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures
• Stone tools

المصادر

• Pappu, Raghunath (2001). Acheulean Culture in Peninsular India: An Ecological Perspective. New Delhi: D K Printworld. ISBN .
• Adkins, L (1998). The Handbook of British Archaeology. London: Constable. ISBN . Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Butler, C (2005). Prehistoric Flintwork. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN  Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).
• Darvill, T (ed.) (2003). Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Milliken, S (2001). A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN . Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Renfrew, C (1991). Archaeology, Theories Methods and Practice. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN . Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Scarre, C (ed.) (2005). The Human Past. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Wood, B (2005). Human Evolution A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .

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21.   Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S. 2006 The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archaeology 69(3–4): 160-168 [1]
22.  Hyeong Woo Lee, The Palaeolithic industries of Korea: chronology and related new findspots in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001
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24.  Clarke, JD et al., 2003, Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, Nature 423, 747–52, Abstract
25.   Isaac, GL, 1976, Stages of cultural elaboration in the Pleistocene: possible archaeological indicators of the development of language capabilities, in Origins and Evolution of Languages and Speech (SR Harbard et al. eds.), 276–88, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280, qtd in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991
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31.  Cruz-Uribe, K et al., 2003, Excavation of buried late Acheulean (mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, West Cape Province, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 559–75, qtd in Scarre, 2005
32.  Scarre, 2005, chapter ثلاثة , p118 "However, objects whose artistic meaning is unequivocal become commonplace only after 50,000 years ago, when they are associated with the origins and spread of fully modern humans from Africa.
33.  ...the most conservative conclusion today is that Acheulean people and their contemporaries definitely hunted big animals, though their success rate is not clear ibid, p 120.
34.  De Lumley, 1975, Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745–808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005

مصادر اضافية

وصلات خارجية

• Acheulian Tools of North Africa — World Museum of Man
• Acheulian Tools of Europe — World Museum of Man
• Acheulean Gallery
• Acheulean tools from Britain [broken link]
• Acheulian Iran
• Lower Paleolithic Iran [broken link]
• Acheulian Armenia [broken link]
• "Acheulian Project". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25.
• Acheulean France [broken link]
• Early human fire skills revealed
• The Acheulian biface project: a digital archive for teaching and research
• Acheulean replacing Cheulean crafts [linked page is not about acheulean]

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Acheulean | Acheulean ]].