عدد من الأحداث الفهمية البارزة سقطت أومن المتسقط حتى تقع في 2015. وقد أعربت الأمم المتحدة حتى 2015 هي السنة العالمية للتربة والتقنيات الضوئية.

الأحداث

يناير

• 2 يناير – دراسة منشورة في ساينس تظهر دليلاً حتى پروتيناً يُجمّع جزئياً پروتيناً آخر بدون تعليمات جينية. وفي تعارض مع علوم الخط المرجعية، فالأحماض الأمينية (وحدات بناء الپروتينات) يمكن حتى يجمّعها پروتين آخر وبدون تعليمات جينية.

• 5 يناير
  • فهماء من الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة قاموا برسم خريطة جينوم الحوت مقوس الرأس وتعهدوا على الجينات المسئولة عن امتداد عمره إلى 200 سنة، أطول الثدييات عمراً.
  • وكالة الأرصاد الجوية اليابانية (JMA) أعربت حتى 2014 كانت أدفأ عام في جميع أنحاء العالم، متعديةً الرقم القياسي السابق لعام 1998.
  • طوّر الباحثون مركـّباً يجعل الأيض في الفئران يستجيب كما لوحتى وجبة قد أُكِلت، وبذلك يحرق شحوماً لاتاحة ثمنات جديدة. التجارب على البشر ستلي ذلك في خلال عامين.
  • زلزال شعر به سكان اوهايوفي مارس 2014 كان سببه تصديع هيدروليكي fracking، اكتشفت دراسة ذلك.
  • أفادت ناسا رصد اندلاع آشعة سينية أكثر ضياءاً 400 مرة من المعتاد، وهوتعادل مع الرقم القياسي، من الثق الأسود هائل الكتلة، المسمى Sagittarius A*، في مركز مجرة درب التبانة. الحدث غير المعتاد قد يحدث سببه انفصال كويكب وسقوطه في ثقب أسود أوبسبب تلعبك خطوط المجال المغناطيسي داخل الغاز المنساب إلى القوس A*.
• 6 يناير
  • طوّر فلكيون طريقة للقياس الدقيق لعمر نجم من سرعة التفافه.
  • أعربت ناسا الكوكب الخارجي المؤكد رقم 1000 الذي اكتشفته . ثلاثة من الكواكب الخارجية المؤكدة مؤخراً وُجِد أنها تدور داخل مناطق قابلة للسكنى بالنسبة لنجومهم: اثنان من الثلاثة، كپلر-438b وكپلر-442b، هم قريبون في الحجم من كوكب الأرض وغالباً صخريون؛ الثالث، كپلر-440b، هوأرض فائقة.
• 7 يناير
  • البشر يجعلون التربة تتآكل مائة مرة أسرع من العمليات الطبيعية، حسب دراسة جديدة.
  • لوحتى الاحترار العالمي حوفظ عليه أقل من 2°س هذا القرن، فإن أكثر من 80% من احتياطي الفحم، و50% من احتياطي الغاز و30% من احتياطي النفط سيصبحوا "غير قابلين للحرق"، كما تستنتج دراسة جديدة.
  • منطقة مراجعة منشورة في دورية Neuron تصف عدداً من الدراسات الحديثة تُظهر حتى تصوير المخ يمكن حتى يساعد في تسقط قدرة إنسان في المستقبل على التفهم وارتكاب الجرائم والسلوك المتعلق بالأمراض، والاستجابة للعقاقير أوالعلاجات السلوكية.
  • لأول مرة في العالم، لاحظ باحثون من نيوزيلندا ينتقل بين الخلايا في الفئران ويتسبب في النموالسرطاني.
• 8 يناير
  • أفادت ناسا تحديد، بدرجة عالية من الدقة، المركز الكوكب زحل وعائلة أقماره – بدقة أربعة كيلومتر.
  • رصد الفلكيون وقاسوا نجم نيوتروني ينزلق خارج نطاق الرؤية بسبب إلتواء في الزمكان الذي يخلقه مداره. النجم يُتسقط حتى يعاود الظهور بعد 160 عاماً.
• 9 يناير – نوع حديث من الإكتيوصور يشبه درفيلاً مندمجاً مع تمساح، تم اكتشافه في اسكتلندا. Dearcmhara shawcrossi عاش في مطلع إلى أواسط العصر الجوراسي منذ نحو170 مليون سنة مضت.
• 13 يناير – أول عضلة بشرية تنقبض، نمت في معمل، أعربت عنها جامعة دوك.
• 14 يناير
  • احتفلت ناسا وإيسا بمرور عشر سنوات منذ هبط المسبار كاسيني-هويگنز على سطح تيتان، أكبر أقمار كوكب زحل. (صورة متعلقة).

• • بحلول العام 2050، لا أحد تقريباً تحت سن 80 يفترض أن يموت من السرطان، حسب دراسة أجرتها كلية جامعة لندن.
  • التسارع في ازدياد مستوى سطح البحر في العالم في العقود الحالية قل بشكل كبير حسب دراسة جديدة أجرتها جامعة هارڤرد.
• 15 يناير
  • مدد الفهماء عمر ذبابة الفاكهة بنسبة 60 بالمائة، باستخدام طريقة قد تؤدي في يوم ما إلى التوصل إلى أدوية مضادة للشيخوخة للبشر.
  • سلسلة من 24 مؤشر عالمي، نُشرت في صحيفة أنثروپسي رڤيو، توضح كيفية تأثير البشر في الدفع الرئيسي لنظام الأرض.
• 16 يناير
  • أفادت ناسا حتى بيگل 2، الذي بنته المملكة المتحدة، الذي كان يعتقد أنه فُقد على كوكب المريخ منذ 2003، تم العثور عليه فوق سطح إسيديس پلانيتيا (مسقط على إحداثيات ) صور بدقة عالية التقطها مارس ريكونيسانس أوربيتر توضح كيف من الممكن أن فُقد المسبار، والتي تظهر أنه سليم. (see discovery images here)
  • أكدت ناسا ونوا حتى 2014 كانت أكثر السنوات حرارة على السجل العالمي.
• 19 يناير
  • قدمت ناسا صور متحركة للكوكب القزم سيريس التقطتها . (صورة متحركة)
  • بمراقبة آثار الجاذبية على الأجرام البعيدة بعد نپتون، اقتنع فهماء الفلك بأن جرمين في حجم الأرض قد يحدثا مختفيين على حافة النظام الشمسي.
• 20 يناير – حبس الكربون طويل المدى، كوسيلة لتفادي التغيرات المناخية قد يحدث إنجازه أصعب مما كنا نظن من قبل، بسبب مصاعب في تحويل الغاز إلى الحالة الصلبة، تفيد دراسة من معهد مساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا.
• 22 يناير – بإعادة خلق الظروف التي كانت على الأرض أثناء تأثير تشيك‌شولوب، توصل الباحثون إلى حتى النبضة الحرارية الأقرب للحفرة كانت قصيرة للغاية (أقل من دقيقة) لإشعال كميات كبيرة من مادة الكوكب. على النقيض، فالمناطق الأكثر بعداً شهدت مستويات حرارة أقل كثافة، أطول وقتاً (أكثر من سبع دقائق)، بما يكفي لإشعال مادة الكوكب. يمثل هذا تحدياً للنظريات السابقة حول العواصف النارية العالمية فيما بعد الحدث.

• • كجزء من مشروع اونپن وورم، رسم الفهماء خريطة لدودة المخ المستديرة (C. Elegans)، وأنشئوا برمجيات لمحاكاة الجهاز الحصبي وقاموا بتحميله في روبوت ليگو، الذي يطلب الغذاء ويتجنب العقبات.
• 23 يناير – تمكن الفهماء من إبطاء سرعة الضوء باستخدام قناع خاص لتغيير شكل الفوتونات.
• 25 يناير – نوع حديث من طائر البومة عـُثر عليه في الشرق الأوسط (إسرائيل، مصر، السعودية، اليمن وعُمان)، هوبومة الصحراء المصفرة desert tawny owl (Strix hadorami)، كما أفادت درس من جامعة تل أبيب.
• 26 يناير
  • حدد الكيميائيون حتى الفلزات القلوية تنفجر لدى ملامسة الماء بسبب انفجار كولومب المتولد عند تلامس الماء والفلز، وليس بسبب تشكل غاز الهيدروجين، كما كان يُظن. وهذا يقلب ما كان يُعتبر سابقاً كظاهرة مفهومة تماماً.
  • – أفادت ناسا حتى كويكب قريب من الأرض يدعى 2004 BL86، وقطره 500 متر، قد حلـّق بسلام بجانب الأرض على مسافة 1,200,000 كيلومتر.
• 27 يناير
  • اكتشف الفلكيون كوكباً خارجياً ذا نظام حلقي هائل أكبر 200 مرة من ذلك الموجود حول زحل.
  • أفادت ناسا حتى أكدت وجود خمس كواكب خارجية صخرية أصغر من الأرض، وكلهم أصغر من كوكب الزهرة (ولكن أكبر من كوكب عطارد)، في مدار حول النجم كپلر-444 البالغ من العمر 11.2 بليون سنة، مما يجعل هذا النظام الكوكبي، بعمر يناهز 80% من عمر الكون، أقدم نظام تم اكتشافه حتى اليوم. وحسب ناسا، لا يمكن لحياة كما نعهدها حتى تتواجد على تلك الكواكب الخارجية الساخنة، بسبب قربهم المداري لنجمهم المضيف.
• 28 يناير – أحد مكونات الشاي الأخضر قد يحمي من سرطان الفم، حسب باحثي جامعة ولاية پنسلڤانيا.
• 29 يناير – الاحترار العالمي سيجعل العواصف الكبيرة أكبر حجماً، بدلاً من حتى يزداد عدد تلك العواصف، حسب دراسة من جامعة تورونتو.
• 30 يناير – دراسة مشهجرة لبيانات من مهمة پلانك الفضائية تجربة BICEP2 الأرضية تلقي ظلالاً من الشك على الدلائل المبكرة لموجات الجاذبية الصادرة عن الانفجار الكبير.
• 31 يناير – أطلقت ناسا مرصد Soil Moisture Active Passive. (SMAP) يفترض أن يوفر القياسات العالمية الأكثر دقة والأعلى جودة لرطوبة التربة والتي يتم الحصول عليها من الفضاء.

فبراير

• 2 فبراير – دراسة عن پنتا-گرافين penta-graphene، وهوأحد الأشكال المتآصلة للكربون، تـُنشر.
• 3 فبراير
  • الحكومة البريطانية تصوت للسماح بتقنية جديدة مثيرة للجدل تتضمن أطفال مخلوقين من ثلاثة أشخاص. لومررها مجلس اللوردات، فستصبح المملكة المتحدة أول بلد في العالم توجد فيه هذه التقنية الطبية، التي يمكن استخدامها لمعالجة أمراض المتقدرة mitochondrial diseases‏.
  • لأول مرة يستخدم الباحثون جسيمات نانوية nanoparticles تتحلل حيوياً لتقتل خلايا سرطان المخ في الحيوانات وتطيل بقاءهم على قيد الحيد.
  • ادارة الغذاء والدواء FDA توافق على عقار جديد، Ibrance ‏(palbociclib)، لعلاج الحالات المتأخرة من سرطان الثدي.
• 4 فبراير
  • قام فهماء بإعادة البرمجة الجينية لنباتات لكي تصبح متحملة للجفاف، مستجيبةً لمادة كيماوية زراعية موجودة بالعمل، مما يغني عن الحاجة لتطوير مادة كيماوية جديدة تتطلب الكثير من السنوات للاختبار.
  • السجائر الإلكترونية E-cigarettes تسبب الكثير من نفس الآثار الضارة كالسجائر العادية، حسب دراسة جديدة على الفئران.
• 5 فبراير – أول جيل من النجوم يُعتقد الآن أنه ظهر بعد 560 مليون سنة من الانفجار الكبير، حسب فهماء يعملون من خلال الساتل پلانك Planck الاوروپي. وهذا تأخير قدره 140 مليون سنة عن التقدير السابق القائل بنحو420 مليون سنة.
• 9 فبراير – استخلص فهماء وقود آيزوپروپانول isopropanol من بكتريا مُهندَسة وراثياً وحوافز بالطاقة الشمسية، محققين نفس الكفاءة مثل التمثيل الضوئي photosynthesis‏.
• 10 فبراير
  • نشرت ناسا صورة "smiley" image of galaxy cluster (SDSS J1038+4849) and gravitational lensing (an Einstein ring) taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
  • NASA scientists present the notion that comets are like "deep fried ice cream", since research studies suggest comet surfaces are formed of a mixture of organic compounds and dense crystlline ice, while comet interiors contain colder and less dense ice.
• 11 فبراير
  • NASA's Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) is launched by a SpaceX فالكونتسعة rocket. It will measure solar winds and provide crucial early warnings during solar flares.
  • ESA's Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) demonstrates a new atmospheric reentry technology, returning from space to Earth similar to the Space Shuttle but without wings.
  • دراسة في The New England Journal of Medicine reports that mortality due to cigarette smoking in the United States is substantially greater than previously thought.
• 12 فبراير – Researchers have calculated that between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010 from people living within 50 km of the coastline.
• 13 فبراير – فهماء (يضمون جفري مارسي، سث شوستاك، فرانك دريك، إلون مسك وديڤد برين) في مؤتمر الجمعية الأمريكية لتقدم العلوم، يناقشون Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos is a good idea; one result was a statement, signed by many, that a "worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent".
• 16 فبراير
  • New research by King's College London suggests the risk of psychosis is three times higher for users of potent "skunk-like" cannabis than for non-users.
  • Mars One selects its final 100 astronaut candidates.
• 18 فبراير – Limpet teeth might be the strongest natural material known to man, a new study has found.
• 19 فبراير – A regulator of gene activity known as HARE5 (human-accelerated regulatory enhancer) is found to make human brains bigger.
• 20 فبراير – Drug-resistant malaria has been detected at the Myanmar-India border and now poses an "enormous threat" to global health, scientists have said.
• 26 فبراير
  • The FCC rules in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
  • Physicists present an alternative cosmological view to extend the Big Bang model, suggesting the Universe had no beginning or singularity and the age of the Universe is infinite.
• 27 فبراير
  • A new study examining the role of oceanic cycles in heat transfer concludes that the global warming "pause" is only temporary and that temperatures will accelerate in the near future.
  • The number of wild giant pandas has increased by nearly 17% over the last decade, according to a new survey conducted by the Chinese government.

مارس

• 1 مارس – SanDisk announces the first 200GB capacity microSD card, a 56% increase on its previous record of 128GB just a year earlier.
• 2 مارس – Scientists have captured the first ever image of light as both a particle and a wave.
• 3 مارس – NASA reports that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most carbon-rich chemical found in the Universe, may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.
• 4 مارس – A 2.8 million-year-old jawbone may be the oldest human fossil in existence, according to two papers published simultaneously in Science. Researchers now suspect that Homo (the genus that includes modern humans) dates back at least 400,000 years earlier than previously thought.
• 5 مارس
  • Evidence for a vast, ancient ocean that once covered most of the northern hemisphere on Mars is reported by NASA.
  • Astronomers have discovered the fastest known star, which is being ejected from the galaxy by a supernova explosion. Its hypervelocity of 1,200 km/s (2.7 million mph) is high enough to escape the gravitational pull of the Milky Way.
  • The number of people affected by river flooding could nearly triple by 2030, according to a new analysis.
• 6 مارس
  • A pioneering therapy using bone marrow stem cells to treat lung cancer patients is announced in the UK.
  • Archaeologists report finding two lost cities deep in the Honduras jungle, thought to be untouched by humans for at least 600 years.
  • The Dawn spacecraft begins to orbit Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet.
• 9 مارس
  • Solar Impulse begins its round-the-world flight, aiming to become the first plane to circumnavigate the globe using only energy from the Sun.
  • A new class of drugs known as "senolytics" has been shown to improve multiple aspects of aging in mice.
• 11 مارس
  • The rocket engine of NASA's Space Launch System, the most powerful booster ever built, has its first ground test, with officials claiming a "perfect" result.
  • NASA's Cassini spacecraft provides the first clear evidence of hydrothermal activity on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which may resemble that seen in the deep oceans on Earth and is likely the most habitable off-world environment ever found.
  • Photos emerge of a newly formed island near Tonga in the Pacific, created as a result of volcanic activity.
  • A breakthrough in carbon capture technology allows the process to be undertaken with half as much energy as previous methods.
• 12 مارس
  • A new method for treating Alzheimers with ultrasound has been demonstrated in mice, completely clearing the amyloid plaques in 75% of the animals.
  • Hubble's views of Ganymede’s aurorae suggest the moon, Jupiter's largest, may contain a vast subsurface saline ocean.

• • The U.S. Federal Communications Commission releases the specific details of the net neutrality rules.
• 17 March – Lava tubes big enough to house entire cities could be structurally stable on the moon, according to a theoretical study presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
• 18 March
  • NASA reports the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of the planet Mars.
  • A 30-year land-based study of the Amazon, the most extensive ever conducted, shows the rainforest is gradually losing its ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere, as trees die at faster and faster rates.
• 19 March
  • The National Snow and Ice Data Center reports that Arctic sea ice reached its lowest ever maximum extent.
  • Using data from SOFIA, it is discovered that planets may be formed from supernova remnant ejecta.
  • Scientists report on a genetic modification that can spread much quicker than conventional genetics would allow, copying itself to other chromosomes with CRISPRs. Possible applications include malaria-resistant mosquitos.
  • Scientists, including an inventor of CRISPR, urge a worldwide moratorium on using gene editing methods to genetically engineer the human genome in a way that can be inherited, writing "scientists should avoid even attempting, in lax jurisdictions, germline genome modification for clinical application in humans" until the full implications "are discussed among scientific and governmental organizations."
• 20 March – A total solar eclipse occurs, visible over much of Europe.
• 22 March – DNA from the extinct woolly mammoth is spliced into that of an elephant and shown to be functional for the first time.
• 24 March
  • NASA reports the first detection of nitrogen released after heating surface sediments on the planet Mars. The nitrogen, in the form of nitric oxide, was detected by the SAM instrument on the rover and can be used by living organisms. The discovery supports the notion that ancient Mars may have been habitable for life.
  • The frog species Pristimantis mutabilis is described in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  • A temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) is recorded in the Antarctic Peninsula, the highest ever seen on the continent. The region is "one of the fastest warming spots on Earth."
  • Iranian chemists modeled and resolved non-linear dynamic treatment and vulnerability of nanostructures in the presence of external driving factors.
• 25 March
  • A new technique has successfully entangled 3,000 atoms using only a single photon, the largest number of particles that have ever been mutually entangled experimentally.

• • Iranian researchers reduce costly materials from diabetes diagnosis sensors. They devised and created a non-enzyme biosensor at the laboratorial scale to notice diabetes.
• 26 March
  • The ice around the edge of Antarctica is melting faster than previously thought, researchers have warned.
  • A nanoparticle therapy has been shown to accelerate the healing of wounds by 50 percent.
• 30 March
  • A 1,000-year-old treatment for eye infections – containing onion, garlic and part of a cow's stomach – has been shown to completely wipe out staphylococcus aureus, the antibiotic-resistant superbug known as MRSA.
  • Eating pesticide-laden foods is linked to remarkably low sperm count (49% lower), say Harvard scientists in a landmark new study connecting pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables to reproductive health.
  • Scientists have developed tiny 'nanoneedles' that successfully prompted parts of mice bodies to generate new blood vessels. It is hoped this technique could ultimately help damaged organs and nerves to repair themselves and help transplanted organs to thrive.

أبريل

• 1 أبريل – New research reveals that, as the Arctic region warms and melts, polar bears forced ashore will be unable to gain sufficient food on land, a new study concludes. Two-thirds of polar bears could be lost by 2050 and the species could be extinct by 2100.
• 2 أبريل – Northwestern Medicine scientists identify a small RNA molecule called miR-182 that can suppress cancer-causing genes in mice with glioblastoma mulitforme (GBM), a deadly and incurable type of brain tumor.
• 4 أبريل – A total lunar eclipse occurs.
• 5 أبريل – The Large Hadron Collider resumes operations after a two-year technology upgrade and various maintenance delays.
• 6 أبريل – Glaciers in Western Canada will lose 70 percent of their volume by 2100, according to a study by the University of British Columbia.
• 7 أبريل –Scientists from Iran research on a new method to let users to scan 3D photos with only their smartphone. The result was published in a media titled Nanophotonic coherent imager in the February 2015 issue of Optics Express.
• 8 أبريل
  • DARPA announces a new project that aims to create a computer program able to continuously scan its environment, evolving and adapting autonomously for the next 100 years.
  • Complex organic molecules have been detected in a young star system for the first time.
  • باحثون إيرانيون يصنعون محفز ضوئي مغناطيسي قابل للتدوير لتنقية الماء غير النظيف.

• 9 أبريل – باحثون إيرانيون يطبقون موجات فوق صوتية ليصنعوا فولرين. هذه المقاربة تتفق مع أساسيات الكيمياء الخضراء كما أنها متوافقة حيوياً.
• 10 أبريل – An almost completely intact skeleton of a terror bird is found in Argentina. Analysis suggests these predators had good low-frequency hearing and deep voices.
• 13 أبريل – The U.S. Federal Communications Commission publishes the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.
• 14 أبريل
  • Stone tools found at Lomekwi ثلاثة are dated to 3.3 million years ago, which, if confirmed, would represent the oldest known stone tools.
  • NASA releases the first color image of Pluto, a dwarf planet, and its moon Charon, taken by the New Horizons spacecraft. (image)
  • Scientists report, based on results from the and spacecraft, that the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of planetesimals.
  • A search for possible heat signatures of advanced extraterrestrial civilisations reveals it has found "nothing obvious" in 100,000 galaxies.
  • Iranian scientists assess the dynamic effect in connecting two carbon nanotubes.
• 15 أبريل
  • Following groundbreaking studies on mice, American scientists claim to have found a potential cause of Alzheimer's disease in the behaviour of immune cells, which it may be possible to target with drug treatments.
  • Researchers uncover evidence of a cannibalistic ritual that occurred in a British cave roughly 14,700 years ago.
• 16 أبريل
  • A major advance in artificial photosynthesis is achieved with a system able to capture CO₂ using solar energy and then use it to produce valuable chemical products.
  • Modification of histones in the DNA of nematodes, fruit flies, and possibly humans can affect aging, researchers claim.
  • Scientists say the first detailed kinematic study of octopus arm coordination in crawling show that the animals have a special system control tactic to fix their odd form.
  • Iranian researchers have produced a type of nanocatalyst which improves the performance of fuel cells.
• 17 أبريل – Bouvier's red colobus, a species of monkey last seen in the 1970s and thought to have been extinct, is rediscovered in the Republic of Congo.
• 20 أبريل – Japan announces plans to send an unmanned lunar rover to the Moon's surface in 2018.
• 21 أبريل
  • The Japanese L0 Series maglev becomes the first train to operate at a speed of 600 كيلومتر في الساعة (370 ميل/س).
  • Researchers demonstrate WiFiFO (WiFi Free space Optic), a technology capable of increasing the bandwidth of WiFi systems tenfold, using optical data transmission via LED lights.

• 22 أبريل
  • Astronomers have made the first-ever direct detection of the spectrum of visible light reflected off an exoplanet.
  • Researchers in China publish results of basic research using CRISPR to edit genes in non-viable human embryos.
• 23 أبريل
  • Two huge magma chambers have been imaged in 3D below Yellowstone National Park.
  • For the first time, signals relating to the constant ringing noise of tinnitus have been mapped across the brain of a patient undergoing surgery.
  • An international team of scientists has sequenced the complete genome of the woolly mammoth.
  • Researchers at the University of Toronto in Canada have developed a new algorithm for showing protein structures in 3D, based on 2D images, which is 100,000 times faster than current methods.
  • A new gene-editing technique is reported that could prevent mitochondrial diseases, without the need for three-parent IVF.
• 27 أبريل – Archaeologists discover fossil remnants of an ancient human species, dating from roughly 430,000 years ago, in two sites in Italy.
• 28 أبريل
  • A study from Arizona State University reveals the action of an experimental blood pressure drug in unprecedented detail, potentially aiding the development of new and better drugs.
  • British and American psychologists claimed persecuting in schooldays result to at least mental health difficulties in adulthood.

• 29 أبريل
  • Scientists report finding a scansoriopterygid dinosaur, named Yi qi ("strange wing"), that may have flown without feathers.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) declares that rubella has been eradicated from the Americas.
  • Two critical steps towards a practical quantum computer are achieved by IBM scientists, who demonstrate the ability to detect and measure both kinds of quantum errors simultaneously, as well as building a new, square quantum bit circuit design that is the only physical architecture that could successfully scale to larger dimensions.
• 30 أبريل
  • NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft concludes its four-year orbital mission over Mercury by crashing into the planet at a velocity of approximately 14,080 كم/س (8,750 ميل/س), impacting at 54.4° N, 149.9° W, near the crater Janáček.
  • Tesla Motors reveals a new large-scale battery technology for homes and businesses, which will provide a means of storing energy from localised renewables and a reliable backup system during power outages.
  • Progeria researchers have shown how the disorganisation of DNA contributes to the cell disorder and is linked to aspects of aging.

May

• 3 May – Astronomers report detection of a most distant galaxy, EGS-zs8-1, with an estimated distance of 13.1 billion light-years.
• 5 May
  • Researchers develop a centimetre-accurate GPS-based positioning system that could revolutionise geolocation on VR headsets, cellphones, drones and other technologies.
  • Vehicle manufacturer Daimler announces that its Freightliner Inspiration Truck has become the world's first autonomous truck to be granted a license for road use in the state of Nevada.
  • Archaeornithura meemannae, a new species of prehistoric bird that represents the oldest known member of the modern bird lineage, is discovered.

• 6 May
  • remained above 400 parts per million (ppm) throughout March 2015, the first time it has been at this level for an entire month, according to NOAA. The current concentration of greenhouse gases is the highest it has been for millions of years.
  • Scientists announce a 2020 unmanned mission, named "Hope", to the planet Mars by the United Arab Emirates, to study the Martian atmosphere and climate.
  • A 3-D technology known as tomosynthesis is shown to detect 40 percent more breast cancers than mammography, while lowering the radiation dose.
  • Scientists announce discovery of Lokiarchaeota, which is a transitional form between Archaea and Eukaryotes.
• 12 May
  • The Australian Government's Bureau of Meteorology confirms that the tropical Pacific is in the early stages of an El Niño that is "likely to persist in the coming months."
  • New evidence has been uncovered that global warming will damage wheat yields, resulting in a 15 percent loss when average temperatures increase by 2 degrees Celsius and a 40 percent decline when average temperatures rise by أربعة degrees.
• 13 May – For the first time, the phase brightness variations in exoplanets have been measured to see the day-night cycle of exoplanetary weather dynamics.
• 14 May – Researchers confirm that strong warming is taking place in the upper troposphere, a phenomenon long predicted in global warming theory and climate models.
• 15 May
  • Larsen B and C, a pair of ice shelves in the Antarctic, are reportedly at risk of collapse in the near future, potentially adding several centimetres to global sea levels.
  • Researchers have taken a step towards large-scale fabrication of graphene, using chemical vapor deposition to produce composites containing 2-inch-by-2-inch sheets of the material.
  • The opah is confirmed as the first known "warm-blooded" fish, able to regulate the temperature of its entire body.

• 18 May – Scientists have reactivated neuroplasticity in older mice, restoring their brains to a more youthful state.
• 19 May – Playing natural sounds such as flowing water in offices can boost worker moods and improve cognitive abilities, in addition to providing speech privacy, according to a new study.
• 20 May – NASA reports the space observatory observed KSN 2011b, a Type Ia supernova in the process of exploding: before, during and after. Details of the pre-nova moments may help scientists better understand dark energy.
• 21 May
  • NASA reports the most luminous galaxy yet discovered is galaxy WISE J224607.57-052635.0. Smaller than the Milky Way galaxy, this dusty galaxy releases 10,000 times more energy. Nearly 100 percent of the light emitted from galaxy WISE J224607.57-052635.0 is infrared radiation. (image)
  • Scientists have observed a sudden increase of ice loss in a previously stable region of Antarctica. The ice loss is so large that it causes small changes in the gravity field of the Earth.
• 22 May – Researchers have developed algorithms that enable robots to learn motor tasks through trial and error using a process that more closely approximates the way humans learn, marking a major milestone in the field of artificial intelligence.

• 25 May – A new technique to create a single-molecule diode has been developed by scientists, and, in doing so, they have developed molecular diodes that perform 50 times better than all prior designs.
• 27 May – Glacier volume in the Everest region of the Himalayas could be reduced between 70% and 99% by 2100, unless greenhouse gas emissions are curbed, according to a new study by the European Geosciences Union.
• 28 May – A new species of ancient hominid – Australopithecus deyiremeda – is uncovered in Ethiopia, with jaw bones and teeth dating to between 3.3m and 3.5m years old.
• 29 May
  • Researchers have developed a new shape-memory material that stays strong even after tens of millions of transformations.
  • A new version of the Cheetah robot has been demonstrated with the ability to jump over obstacles while running.
• 30 May – A new treatment for lung cancer using a drug called nivolumab has been shown to more than double life expectancy in some patients.

يونيو

• 1 June – A new study has linked rapid Arctic ice loss to extreme weather changes in Europe and the US.

• 2 يونيو
  • NASA reports that the ALICE spectrograph on the space probe studying comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) determined that electrons (within 1 kم (0.62 ميل) above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma.
  • Researchers have discovered a key protein required to maintain muscle mass and muscle strength during aging.
  • For the first time, researchers have created a lab-grown limb of a rat.
  • California-based Tri Alpha Energy has shown a 10-fold improvement in its ability to contain the hot particles needed for fusion.
• 3 June
  • The Large Hadron Collider is reactivated after a two-year pause, during which upgrades and repairs were taking place. The machine is now able to experiment with higher energies, increasing fromثمانية to 13 trillion electron volts (TeV).
• 4 June
  • Using new global surface temperature data, scientists at NOAA have shown that the rate of global warming in the last 15 years has not slowed, eliminating the "hiatus".
  • For the first time, a computer intelligence without direct human help has produced a model of regeneration.
  • Warming ocean temperatures and decreasing oxygen levels will significantly shift marine habitats in the future, according to a study by the University of Washington.
  • Researchers have achieved a significant breakthrough in combating antibiotic resistance using phages.

• 8 June
  • NASA reports that impact glass has been detected on the planet Mars - such material may contain preserved signs of ancient life. (related image)
  • May 2015 was the wettest month on record for the contiguous U.S. according to NOAA.
  • Engineers at Stanford University have developed a state-by-state plan to convert the U.S. to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2050.
• 9 يونيو– Researchers have discovered what appear to be the remnants of red blood cells and connective tissue in 75 million-year-old dinosaur fossils.
• 10 يونيو– A woman in Belgium is the first in the world to give birth to a baby using transplanted ovarian tissue frozen when she was still a child, doctors say.
• 14 يونيو– News reports announce that the Philae lander, part of the Rosetta space mission, on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, has woken up from hibernation and is communicating with Earth.
• 15 يونيو
  • Researchers have sequenced and assembled the first full genome of a living organism using technology the size of smartphone.
  • A study published in the British Medical Journal finds that consuming up to 100g of chocolate every day is linked to lowered heart disease and stroke risk.

• 16 June – The eastern cougar is declared extinct by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
• 17 June
  • Astronomers report evidence, for the first time, of the existence of the very early stars that may have provided the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it. These very old population III stars are postulated to have been formed after the Big Bang, when the Universe was about 800 million years old, and may have been detected in galaxy Cosmos Redshiftسبعة (CR7), about 12.9 billion light-years from Earth.
  • The world's thinnest light source is created using graphene.
• 18 June – By reactivating a single gene, colorectal cancer cells in mice stop growing and re-establish normal intestinal function within four days, according to a study published in the journal Cell.
• 19 June – A major study confirms that Earth is currently witnessing the start of a mass extinction event the likes of which have not been seen for at least 65 million years. It is being precipitated by human actions over the past 500 years.
• 20 يونيو– A titanium 3D-printed prosthetic jaw is successfully implanted in a male patient by surgeons in Melbourne, Australia.
• 23 يونيو– The Sentinel-2A Earth observation satellite is launched.
• 24 يونيو
  • Astronomers report the discovery of a brand new type of planet, resembling a giant comet. GJ 436b is a "warm Neptune" located 33 light years from Earth and features a huge cloud of gas trailing away from its parent red dwarf star.
  • Researchers identify a protein on tiny particles, GPC1+ crExos, released by pancreatic cancer cells, which may help in detecting the illness at its earliest stage.

• 25 يونيو
  • A new compound, MM41, is shown to reduce سرطان الپنكرياس tumours by 80 percent in mice.
  • Google demonstrates a new AI chatbot that is able to "remember facts, understand contexts and perform common sense reasoning, all with fewer hand-crafted rules."
• 26 June – All of the biggest impact craters on Earth have now been identified, with none left to be found at 6 kم (3.7 ميل) or greater width, according to a study by geophysicists.
• 27 June – SpaceX CRS-7, a cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station, explodes shortly after launch.
• 29 June – The dwarf planet Pluto passes between a distant star and the Earth producing a shadow on the Earth near New Zealand that allows SOFIA, an airborne observatory, to study the atmosphere of Pluto.
• 30 June – A new model created by mathematicians and physicists suggests a "Big Rip" end to the universe.

يوليو

• 2 يوليو
  • Scientists report that active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts, have been found on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta space probe.
  • The first comprehensive analysis of the mammoth genome is completed, revealing a number of traits that enabled the animals to survive in the Arctic cold.
• 8 يوليو–
  • Astronomers report the discovery of an extremely rare five-star system.
  • Scientists announce a project, as part of the Global Genome Initiative, to sample and freeze DNA from half of the world's plant species within two years.
• 9 يوليو
  • The FDA toughens warnings of increased heart attack and stroke risk associated with pain relievers containing ibuprofen, like Advil, Aleve, Motrin and related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Tylenol, containing acetaminophen, is not an NSAID and is not affected by the new warnings. However, Aspirin is an NSAID but is not affected by the new warnings.
  • IBM announces a breakthrough in the manufacture ofسبعة nm computer chips that will enable the trend of Moore's Law to continue for the next few years.

• 13 يوليو– Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider report observing two exotic particles belonging to a new class, pentaquarks.
• 14 يوليو
  • NASA's New Horizons spacecraft performs a close flyby of Pluto, becoming the first spacecraft in history to visit the distant world. It will explore the area for five months, before entering the Kuiper belt and eventually leaving the Solar System.
  • The latest State of the Climate report confirms that 2014 was the hottest year on record globally.
• 16 يوليو
  • Scientists report the discovery of the Weyl fermion after an 85-year search. This massless quasiparticle could help in the development of future electronics such as quantum computing.
  • A new study adds to the growing evidence that polar bears are unable to adapt to a warming Arctic.
• 17 July – Nanowires are used by Dutch researchers to boost solar fuel cell efficiency tenfold, while using 10,000 times less precious material.
• 20 July
  • Stephen Hawking, British physicist, helps launch a well-funded effort, called Breakthrough Initiatives, to search for extraterrestrial life and attempt to answer the question: Are we alone?
  • Through private and international partnerships, the cost of colonising the Moon could be reduced by 90 percent, according to a joint study released by the National Space Society and the Space Frontier Foundation and reviewed by an independent team of experts.
• 21 July
  • The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85°C (1.53°F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09°C (0.16°F). The Earth also experienced its hottest ever June.
  • Men who become fathers experience weight gain and an increase in body mass index according to a new, large-scale study that tracked more than 10,000 men over a 20-year period. Men who didn't become dads actually lost weight over the same time period.
  • A new computer program is the first to recognise sketches more accurately than a human.
  • A potential new class of antibiotics based on modified sugar molecules is reported.
• 22 يوليو
  • The results of a trial involving 1,322 patients shows further evidence that solanezumab can slow Alzheimer's disease.
  • US firm Second Sight announces the first age-related macular degeneration patient has received its Argus II bionic eye, at Manchester Royal Eye Hospital in the UK, as part of a groundbreaking study.
  • A promising new treatment using eye drops to treat cataracts is reported by the University of California, San Diego.

• 23 يوليو
  • NASA announces the discovery of Kepler-452b, a confirmed exoplanet that is near-Earth-size and found orbiting the habitable zone of a Sun-like star.
  • A provocative new paper by climate scientists including James Hansen warns that future sea level rises may have been dramatically underestimated, and that even 2°C of global warming is "highly dangerous".
  • Intel and Micron unveil 3D XPoint, a new memory technology that is 1,000 times faster than NAND andعشرة times denser than conventional DRAM.
• 24 July – The 133-million-year-old fossil of Tetrapodophis amplectus, the first four-legged snake to be found, is reported by paleontologists in Brazil.
• 29 July
  • The current world population of 7.3 billion is predicted to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100, according to a new analysis of data by the UN.
  • The first artificial ribosome is created, by researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University.

• 30 يوليو
  • Scientists report that the Philae spacecraft, that landed on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in November 2014, detected at least 16 organic compounds, of which four (including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde) were detected for the first time on a comet.
  • The first aurora beyond the Solar System is reported, on a brown dwarf 18 light years from Earth.
  • Astronomers report the discovery of HD 219134 b, a rocky exoplanet, due to its size of 1.6 Earth and density ofستة g/cm³, that is the closest such exoplanet to Earth, at 21.25 light-years away.
  • A new technique for obtaining nanoscale images of the brain at higher resolution than ever before is announced by Boston scientists.
• 31 يوليو
  • An ebola vaccine is found to be 100% successful in an initial trial.
  • By studying the structure and temperature of butterfly wings, researchers have observed physical properties that could hugely improve the efficiency of solar energy.

أغسطس

• 3 أغسطس
  • Researchers have demonstrated that even if a geoengineering solution to CO2 emissions could be found, it wouldn’t be enough to save the oceans.
  • A new comprehensive analysis of global glacier changes in the Journal of Glaciology concludes that melting rates are "unprecedented" and faster than ever.
• 4 أغسطس
  • The FDA approves Spritam, the first 3D-printed pill.
  • Spicy foods are linked to increased longevity in a study published by the British Medical Journal.
  • Plans are unveiled by Plymouth University for "Mayflower Autonomous Research Ship" (MARS), the world's first full-sized, fully autonomous unmanned ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
  • The first ever genetic analysis of people with extremely high intelligence reveals small but important genetic differences between some of the brightest people in the United States and the general population.
• 5 أغسطس – Astronomers at the Keck Observatory announce a new record for the most distant galaxy ever observed. Known as EGSY8p7, its light needed 13.2 billion years to reach Earth.
• 6 August – The first known venomous frog species, Corythomantis greeningi and Aparasphenodon brunoi, are identified by researchers in Brazil.
• 10 August – By measuring the energy output from a large portion of the Universe with greater precision than ever before, astronomers have determined that the Universe is gradually fading across all wavelengths. In effect, the Universe is slowly dying.

• 13 أغسطس
  • An endangered species, the black-footed ferret, is successfully reproduced using frozen sperm from a ferret that had been dead for 20 years.
  • By altering a single gene, phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B), researchers have increased the intelligence of mice, while decreasing their fear and anxiety. This raises hopes of better treatments for human cognitive disorders in the future.
• 17 أغسطس – Based on studies with the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists report the detection of neon in the exosphere of the moon.
• 19 أغسطس
  • NASA reports that there is "no scientific basis" that the world will end due to a rumored impact of an asteroid near Puerto Rico between 15 and 28 September 2015.
  • NASA scientists report that the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument on the rover detected an unusual hydrogen-rich area, at "Marias Pass," on Mars. The hydrogen found seems related to water or hydroxyl ions in rocks within three feet beneath the rover, according to the scientists.
  • People working a 55-hour week have a 33% increased risk of stroke than those working a 35- to 40-hour week, along with a 13% increased risk of coronary heart disease, according to a study published in The Lancet.
  • Researchers at George Washington University demonstrate a process that turns atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbon nanofibers.
  • وحيد القرن السومطري أُعلِن منقرضاً في البرية في ماليزيا.
  • Using stem cells, researchers have developed a miniature human brain in a dish with the equivalent maturity of a five-week-old fetus. It is believed this model – the most advanced of its kind ever created – could be used for better and more accurate testing of drugs.
• 20 أغسطس
  • July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.
  • A new report in the journal Science underscores the need for improved management and protection of boreal forests in response to global changes this century.

• 21 أغسطس
  • A new study published in Nature "removes any doubt" that rising levels of greenhouse gases were the primary driver of glacier retreat during the end of the last Ice Age.
  • Giant galaxies with an absence of young stars are more suitable for habitable planets, researchers say.
• 24 أغسطس
  • A new way of "switching off" cancer cell growth, using the PLEKHA7 protein, is reported by the Mayo Clinic.
  • Physicists achieve a breakthrough in fusion power, by containing superheated hydrogen plasma for five milliseconds, longer than any other effort before.
• 26 August – In a press briefing, NASA scientists warn that future sea level rise has been underestimated.
• 31 August – Scientists claim to have discovered the first new human prion in almost 50 years.

سبتمبر

• 1 سبتمبر – Scientists report the discovery of Pentecopterus decorahens, the oldest described eurypterida (sea scorpions), an extinct arthropod group that lived as early as 467.3 million years ago. With an estimated length of up to 1.83 مترs (6 قدم 0 بوصة), it has been described as "the first real big predator".
• 2 سبتمبر – A report by Climate Action Tracker warns that pledges by governments for the upcoming UN climate change conference in Paris, are grossly inadequate if the rise in global temperatures is to be kept below 2°C.
• 3 سبتمبر
  • There are just over three trillion trees on Earth, according to a new assessment.
  • Researchers at MIT demonstrate the first 3D printing technique able to make transparent glass objects.
  • Philips introduces the world's first quantum dot monitor.
  • Scientists working on the Large Hadron Collider report that the production of quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter present in the early Universe, is possible with fewer particles than previously thought.
• 7 سبتمبر – A bright fireball over Thailand, believed to be a bolide, is seen in Bangkok and some other locations.

• 10 سبتمبر
  • Paleontologists report a new human-like species, Homo naledi, based on the discovery of 15 partial skeletons, the largest single find of its type in Africa. It is believed that H. naledi could have lived in Africa up to three million years ago and were capable of ritualistic behaviour. Although the discoverers claim the bones represent a new species of early humans, other experts contend that more evidence is needed before such a claim can be justified.
  • A report by scientists, ethicists and policy experts from the Hinxton Group states that research into genetically modified human embryos is "essential" and that GM babies could be "morally acceptable" in the future.
• 11 سبتمبر
  • NASA releases the first clear images of Pluto's small moon Nix, showing rough edges and a prominent crater.
  • A study by the British Psychological Society warns that constant pressure on teenagers to use social media technology causes lower sleep quality, lower self-esteem, higher anxiety and increased depression levels.
  • Through DARPA, a 28-year-old paralysed man becomes the first person to feel physical sensations through a prosthetic hand directly connected to his brain.
• 14 سبتمبر – The next two years could be the hottest on record globally, according to research by the UK's Met Office.

أحداث متسقطة ومزمعة

سبتمبر

• 13 سبتمبر – A partial solar eclipse will occur.

أكتوبر

• 8 أكتوبر – The eighth Solar Decathlon, an international collegiate competition for sustainable architecture, will begin in Irvine, California.

مجهولة التاريخ

• The Chinese lander and rover Chang'e أربعة will land on the Moon.
• Cloud computing may contribute to the creation of two million computerized jobs worldwide by 2015.
• The Large Hadron Collider is expected to reopen in early 2015 after shutdown for upgrades to increase beam energy to 6.5 TeV per beam.

جوائز

جوائز اليونسكو

• UNESCO Medal for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Valentin Bukhtoyarov, Constance Chang-Hasnain, Soodabeh Davaran, Vladimir Fortov, Mikhail Kovalchuk, Tebello Nyokong, Mikhail Selyanin and Shem Wandiga.

وفيات

• 8 January – John Duckworth, British physicist (و. 1916).
• 20 January – Lawrence Hogben, New Zealand meteorologist and naval officer (b.1916).
• 27 January – Charles H. Townes, American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and contributor to the invention of the laser (b.1915).
• 25 February – Raymond Smallman, British metallurgist and academic (و. 1929).
• 23 May – John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1994), subject of A Beautiful Mind (و. 1928).
• 29 June – Joseph Bryan Nelson, British ornithologist and academic (و. 1932).
• 30 August – Oliver Sacks, British neurologist, (و. 1933).

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