لي پنگ
- هذا هواسم صيني; لقب العائلة هوLi.
لي پنگ 李鹏 Li Peng | |
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رئيس وزراء جمهورية الصين الشعبية الرابع | |
في المنصب 25 مارس 1988 – 17 مارس 1998 قائم: 24 نوفمبر 1987 - 25 مارس 1988 | |
الرئيس |
يانگ شانگكون جيانگ زمين |
نائب الوزير الأول |
الوزارة الأولى (1988–93)
ياوييلين
تيان جييون ووشوىچيان ژوجياهوا ژورونگجي
الوزارة الثانية (1993–98)
ژورونگجي
ژوجياهوا چيان چيتشن لي لانچينگ ووبانگگوو جيانگ تشونيون |
سبقه | ژاوزييانگ |
خلفه | ژورونگجي |
سابع رئيس اللجنة دائمة الانعقاد لمؤتمر الشعب الوطني | |
في المنصب 15 مارس 1998 – 15 مارس 2003 | |
سبقه | چياوشي |
خلفه | ووبانگگوو |
نائب رئيس وزراء جمهورية الصين الشعبية | |
في المنصب 6 يونيو1983 – 24 نوفمبر 1987 Serving with وان لي، ياوييلين، Tian Jiyun | |
الوزير الأول | ژاوزييانگ |
تفاصيل شخصية | |
وُلِد |
الامتياز الفرنسي في شانغهاي |
20 أكتوبر 1928
توفي | 22 يوليو2019 بكين |
(عن عمر 90 عاماً)
القومية | صيني |
الحزب | الحزب الشيوعي الصيني |
الزوج | ژولين |
الأنجال |
لي شياوپنگ لي شياولين لي شياويونگ |
الوالدان | لي شووشون |
الجامعة الأم | معهد هندسة الطاقة في موسكو |
المهنة | سياسي مهندس مدني |
لي پنگ | |||||||||||||||||||
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"لي پنگ" بالحروف الصينية المبسطة (أعلى) والتقليدية (أسفل) | |||||||||||||||||||
صينية مبسطة | 李鹏 | ||||||||||||||||||
صينية تقليدية | 李鵬 | ||||||||||||||||||
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لي پنگ (الصينية المبسطة: 李鹏; پنين: Lǐ Péng؛ عاش 20 أكتوبر 1928 - 22 يوليو2019) هوسياسي صيني متقاعد. كان لي رابع رئيس وزراء لجمهورية الصين الشعبية من 1987 حتى 1998 ورئيس اللجنة دائمة الانعقاد لمؤتمر الشعب الوطني، الهيئة التشريعية العليا للصين، من 1998 إلى 2003. ولمعظم ع1990 كان "لي" مصنفاً الثاني في تراتب الحزب الشيوعي الصيني (CPC) فقط خلف الأمين العام للحزب جيانگ زمين. وقد احتفظ بمقعده في اللجنة دائمة الانعقاد في المخط السياسي للحزب الشيوعي الصيني حتى 2002.
كان لي إبناً لثوري شيوعي مبكر، ولكنه تيتم طفلاً حين أُعدِم والده على يد الكومنتانگ. وبعد لقاء ژوإنلاي في سيچوان، تبناه الزعيم التاريخي ژووزوجته، دنگ ينگتشاو. تفهم لي كمهندس في الاتحاد السوڤيتي وعمل في شركة وطنية هامة للطاقة الكهربائية بعد عودته إلى الصين. وقد تفادى الاضطراب السياسي في عقود ع1950، ع60، وع70 بسبب صلاته السياسية وعمله في الشركة. بعد حتى أصبح دنگ شياوپنگ زعيم الصين في أواخر عقد 1970، تولى لي عدداً من المناصب السياسية مضطردة الأهمية والقوة، حتى أصبح رئيساً للوزراء في 1987.
كرئيس للوزراء، كان "لي" أوضح ممثل لحكومة الصين يساند استخدام القوة لإخماد مظاهرات ميدان تيانآنمن 1989. فأثناء الاحتجاجات، استخدم لي سلطاته كرئيس للوزراء لإعلان الأحكام العهدية، وبالتعاون مع دنگ شياوپنگ، الذي كان رئيس المفوضية العسكرية المركزية، أمر بالقمع العسكري في يونيو1989 للمتظاهرين من الطلبة المنادين بالديمقراطية في ميدان تيانآنمن. نادى لي بمقاربة أكثر محافـَظةً في الإصلاح الاقتصادي الصيني، مما وضعه في تناقض مع الأمين العام ژاوزييانگ، الذي سقط خارج دائرة النفوذ في 1989. وبعد حتى أطيح بـژاومن منصبه، روَّج "لي" لأجندة اقتصادية اشتراكية محافظة، ولكنه فقد نفوذه أمام نائب رئيس الوزراء القادم ژورونگجي ولم يعد قادراً على منع لبرلة السوق الحر في الاقتصاد الصيني. وفي عهده فقد ترأس مشروع سد المضائق الثلاث العملاق المثير للجدل. وقد لف مع عائلته احتكاراً للطاقة الكهربائية في الصين، كسرته الحكومة الصينية بعد انتهاء عهده كرئيس وزراء.
طفولته
وُلِد "لي" بإسم لي يوانپنگ (الصينية التقليدية: 李遠芃; پنين: Lǐ Yuǎnpéng) في الامتياز الفرنسي في شانغهاي، بجذور عائلية من چنگدو، بمقاطعة سيچوان. وكان ابناً لـ لي شووشون، أحد ثوريي الحزب الشيوعي الصيني المبكرين، الذي كان القوميسار السياسي للفرقة العشرين أثناء انتفاضة نانتشانگ. وفي 1931 تيتم لي في عمر الثالثة حين اُسـِر أبوه وأعدمه الكومنتانگ. ويُعتقد عموماً حتى "لي" تبناه ژوإنلاي ودنگ ينگتشاو، إلا حتى ذلك دحضه "لي" نفسه في 2014 في مذكراته. فحسب "لي"، فقد التقى دنگ في چنگدوفي 1939، التي أخذته إلى چانگچون ليلتقي ژو. وكان ژوفي القاعدة الشيوعية في يانآن، فلم يلتقيا حتى أواخر 1940. وفي 1941، حين كان لي في الثانية عشر، أوفده ژوإلى يانآن، حيث تفهم لي حتى 1945. وكيافع في السابعة عشر، في 1945، انضم لي إلى الحزب الشيوعي الصيني .
مطلع حياته العملية
مثل كوادر الحزب الشيوعي الآخرين في الجيل الثالث، حصل لي على خلفية تقنية. وفي 1941 بدأ في الدراسة في معهد يانآن للعلوم الطبيعية (وهوسابق معهد پـِيْجين للتكنولوجيا). وفي 1948 ابتـُعـِثَ للدراسة في معهد هندسة الطاقة في موسكو، ليتخصص في هندسة الكهرباء المائية. وبعد عام، في 1949، أصبح ژوإنلاي رئيساً لوزراء جمهورية الصين الشعبية المُعلنة حديثاً. تخرج لي في 1954. وأثناء وجوده في الاتحاد السوڤيتي، كان "لي" رئيس اتحاد الطلبة الصينيين في الاتحاد السوڤيتي.
When Li returned to China in 1955, the country was firmly under the control of the Communist Party. From the time of his return until 1979, Li engineered and managed a number of major power projects across China, beginning his career in Manchuria. Li survived the upheavals of the Cultural Revolution unscathed, due largely to his placement as director and Party secretary of the powerful and influential Beijing Electric Power Administration (from 1966–1980), and due to his family contacts in powerful Communist circles.
Li advanced politically after the ascent of Deng Xiaoping, and served as the Vice-Minister and Minister of Power between 1979 and 1983. In 1982–1983 Li served as the vice-minister of Water Conservancy and Power. Much of Li's rapid political promotion was due to the support of Party elder تشن يون.
Li joined the Central Committee at the Twelfth National Congress in 1982. In 1985 he was named minister of the State Education Commission, and was elected to the Politburo and the Party Secretariat. In 1987 Li became a member of the powerful Standing Committee.
رئاسته لمجلس الوزراء
حامي سيطرة الدولة
In November 1987, after Premier ژاوزييانگ was promoted to General Secretary, Li became acting Premier. He was formally elected Premier in March 1988. Within a year of this promotion, Li would play a major role in ending Zhao's career, after Zhao publicly supported demonstrators in Tiananmen Square. At the time of his promotion, Li seemed like an unusual choice for Premier because he did not seem to share Deng's enthusiasm for introducing market reforms. Li was raised to the position of Premier thanks partially to the departure of Hu Yaobang, who was forced to resign as General Secretary after the Party blamed him for a series of student-led protests in 1987.
Throughout the 1980s, political dissent and social problems, including inflation, urban migration, and school overcrowding, became great problems in China. Despite these acute challenges, Li shifted his focus away from the day-to-day concerns of energy, communications, and raw materials allocation, and took a more active role in the ongoing intra-party debate on the pace of market reforms. Politically, Li opposed the modern economic reforms pioneered by ژاوزييانگ throughout Zhao's years of public service. While students and intellectuals urged greater reforms, some party elders increasingly feared that the instability opened up by any significant reforms would threaten to undermine the authority of the Communist Party, which Li had spent his career attempting to strengthen.
After Zhao became General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, his proposals in May 1988 to expand free enterprise led to popular complaints (which some suggest were politically inspired) about inflation fears. Public fears about the negative effects of market reforms gave conservatives (including Li Peng) the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influences, especially opposing further expansion of Zhao's more free enterprise-oriented approach. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988–1989.
ميدان تيان آن من
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 began with the mass mourning over the death of former General secretary Hu Yaobang, widely perceived to have been purged for his support of political liberalization. On the eve of Hu's funeral, 100,000 people gathered at Tiananmen Square. Beijing students began the demonstrations to encourage continued economic reform and liberalization, and these demonstrations soon evolved into a mass movement for political reform. From Tiananmen Square, the protesters later expanded into the surrounding streets. Non-violent protests also occurred in cities throughout China, including Shanghai and Wuhan. Looting and rioting occurred in various locations throughout China, including Xi'an and Changsha.
The Tiananmen protests were partially protests against the affluence of the children of high-ranking Communist Party officials, and the perception that second-generation officials had received their fortunes through exploiting their parents' influence. Li, whose family has often been at the center of corruption allegations within the Chinese power industry, was vulnerable to these charges.
An editorial published in the People's Daily on 26 April and bearing the name of Deng Xiaoping, denounced the demonstrations as "premeditated and organized turmoil with anti-Party and anti-socialist motives". This article had the effect of worsening the demonstrations by angering its leaders, who then made their demands more extreme. ژاوزييانگ later wrote in his autobiography that, although Deng had stated many of these sentiments in a private conversation with Li Peng shortly before the editorial was written, Li had these comments disseminated to Party members and published as the editorial without Deng's knowledge or consent.
Li strictly refused to negotiate with the Tiananmen protesters out of principle, and became one of the officials most objected to by protesters. One of the protest's key leaders, Wu'erkaixi, during a hunger strike, publicly scolded Li on National Television for ignoring the needs of the people. Some observers say that Wang's statements insulted Li personally, hardening his resolve to end the protest by violent means.
Among the other senior members of the central government, Li became the one who most strongly favored violence. After winning the support of most of his colleagues, apparently including Deng Xiaoping, Li officially declared martial law in Beijing on 20 May 1989 and the protests were brutally crushed by the military on 3–4 June. Most estimates of the dead range from several hundred to several thousand people. Li later described the crackdown as a historic victory for Communism, and wrote that he feared the protests would be as potentially damaging to China as the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) had been.
من المعمرين سياسياً
Although the Tiananmen crackdown was an "international public relations disaster for China", it ensured that Li would have a long and productive career. He remained powerful, even though he had been one of the main targets of protesters, partially because the leadership believed that limiting Li's career would be the same as admitting that they had made mistakes by suppressing the 1989 protests. By keeping Li at the upper levels of the Party, China's leaders communicated to the world that the country remained stable and united.
In the immediate aftermath of the Tiananmen protests, Li took a leading role in a national austerity program, intended to slow economic growth and inflation and re-centralize the economy. Li worked to increase taxes on agriculture and export-industries, and increased salaries to less-efficient industries owned by the government. Li directed a tight monetary policy, implementing price controls on many commodities, supporting higher interest rates, and cutting off state loans to private and cooperative sectors in attempts to reduce inflation.
Li suffered a heart attack in 1993, and began to lose influence within the Party to vice-premier ژورونگجي, a strong advocate for economic liberalization. In that year, when Li made his annual work report to the Politburo, he was forced to make over seventy changes in order to make the plans acceptable to Deng. Perhaps realizing that opposition to the market reforms would be poorly received by Deng and other Party elders, Li publicly supported Deng's economic reforms. Li was reappointed Premier in 1993, despite a large protest vote for Zhu. ژورونگجي eventually succeeded Li when Li's second term expired, in 1998.
Li began two megaprojects when he was the Premier. He initiated the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on 14 December 1994, and later began preparations for the Shenzhou Manned Space Program. Both programs were subject to much controversy within China and abroad. The Shenzhou program was especially criticized due to its extraordinary cost (tens of billions of dollars) in a country that sometimes referred to itself as a Third World nation. Many economists and humanitarians suggested that those billions in capital might be better invested in helping the Chinese population deal with economic hardships and improvement in the China's education, health services, and legal system.
رئاسته للمؤتمر الشعبي الوطني
Li remained premier until 1998, when he was constitutionally limited to two terms. After his second term expired, he became the chairman of the National People's Congress. Support for Li for the largely ceremonial position was low, as he only received less than 90% of the vote at the 1998 National People's Congress, where he was the only candidate. He spent much of his time monitoring what he considers his life's work, the Three Gorges Dam. Li's interest in the Dam reflects his earlier career as a hydraulic engineer, and he spent much of his career presiding over a vast and growing power industry while in office. At this time Li Peng considered himself as a builder and a modernizer.
ذكراه
After retiring, Li retained some influence in the Politburo Standing Committee. Luo Gan, who presided over law enforcement and national security between 2002 and 2007, was considered Li's protégé. Since the 17th Party Congress, Li's influence waned considerably. He was subject to frequent speculation over corruption issues that plague him and his family. In addition, perhaps more than any other leader, Li's public image had become inextricably associated with memory of the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown, and as a result he continues to be a widely despised figure among a substantial segment of the Chinese population well into the 21st century. He is generally unpopular in China, where he "has long been a figure of scorn and suspicion".
Li spent much of the 1990s expanding and managing an energy monopoly, State Power Corporation of China. Because the company was staffed by Li's relatives,[بحاجة لمصدر] Li's management effectively transformed China's energy industry into a "family fiefdom". At its height, Li's power company controlled 72% of all energy-producing assets in China, and was ranked as the sixtieth-largest company in the world by Fortune magazine. After Li's departure from government, Li's energy monopoly was split into five smaller companies by the Chinese government.
In 2010, Li's autobiographical work, The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries, was published by New Century Press. The Critical Moment covered Li's activities during the period of the Tiananmen Square protests, and was published on the protests' twenty-first anniversary. The Critical Moment was characterized by reviewers as largely an attempt to minimize Li's culpability during the most egregious stages of the crackdown; some also say he attempted to shift blame to Deng. He reappeared at the 19th Party Congress on October 18, 2017.
العائلة
Li Peng is married to ژولين (朱琳), a deputy manager in "a large firm in the south of China". Li and Zhu have ثلاثة children: Li's elder son, Li Xiaopeng; Li's daughter, Li Xiaolin; and, Li's younger son, Li Xiaoyong. Li Xiaoyong is married to Ye Xiaoyan, the daughter of Communist veteran Ye Ting's second son, Ye Zhengming.
Li's family benefited from Li's high position during the 1980s and 1990s. Two of Li's children, Li Xiaopeng and Li Xiaolin, inherited and ran two of China's electrical monopolies. State-run Chinese media have publicly questioned whether it is in China's long-term interest to preserve the "new class of monopoly state capitalists" that Li's family represents. Li Xiaopeng entered politics in Shanxi province and became its governor in 2012; in 2016 he became Minister of Transport. Li Xiaolin served as chief executive of China Power International Development, before being transferred out in 2016 to a minor executive post at a different power company.
انظر أيضاً
- سياسة جمهورية الصين الشعبية
- تاريخ جمهورية الصين الشعبية (1989-2002)
- رئيس وزراء جمهورية الصين الشعبية
المراجع
الهوامش
- ^ Xinhuanet
- ^ CNN.com
- ^ Barnouin and Yu 126
- ^ Fang and Fang 66
- ^ Li
- ^ Mackerras, McMillen, and Watson 136
- ^ Bartke 235
- ^ Mackerras, McMillen, and Watson 137
- ^ Pan 274
- ^ Keesing's Record of World Events 36,587
- ^ Nathan
- ^ Becker 8
- ^ Bezlova "The Princeling and the Protesters"
- ^ Zhao 10–12
- ^ Asia News.it
- ^ Pickunas
- ^ Wu
- ^ Lan
- ^ BBC News "China's parliament embarrasses Li Peng"
- ^ Europa World Yearbook 1109
- ^ Bezlova "China Corruption Probes Signal Power Plays"
- ^ http://news.dwnews.com/china/news/2017-10-18/60018045.html
- ^ Asiaweek.com
- ^ Lam 1
- ^ Xinhua
ببليوگرافيا
- "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil". AsiaNews.it. 2003. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- "32: Li Peng" Asiaweek.com. 1999. Retrievedعشرة September 2011.
- Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. (2006). . Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- Bartke, Wolfgang. (1987). Who's Who in the People's Republic of China. K.G. Saur. ISBN 978-3-598-10610-1
- "China's Parliament Embarrasses Li Peng".BBC News. 15 March 1998. Retrievedعشرة September 2011.
- Becker, Jasper. "Protests Spread in China". Tn The Manchester Guardian Weekly. 30 April 1989.
- Bezlova, Antoaneta. "China Corruption Probes Signal Power Plays". Asia Times Online. 1 November 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- Bezlova, Antoneta. "The Princeling and the Protesters". Asia Times Online. 19 January 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- Bristow, Michael. "Tiananmen Leader's 'Diary' Revealed". BBC News. أربعة June 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- "'Downsizing' the Chinese State: Government Retrenchment in the 1990s". The China Quarterly. Issue 175. Cambridge University Press. 2003.
- "The Man Who Took on the Dissidents: Li Peng (1928–)" CNN.com. 2001. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- Europa World Yearbook. Taylor & Francis. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1
- Fang, Percy Jucheng, and Fang, Lucy Guinong. (1986). Zhou Enlai: A Profile. Foreign Languages Press.
- Keesing's Record of World Events. Volume 35. 1989.
- Lam, Willy. "China's Elite Economic Double Standard". Asia Times Online. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- Lan, Chen. "Pre-Shenzhou Studies". Shenzhou History. 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- Li Jing. "Li Peng Finally Denies Old Rumours He Is Ex-Premier Zhou Enlai's Adopted Son". South China Morning Post. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- Mackerras, Colin, Donald Hugh McMillen, and Donal Andrew Watson. . Great Britain: Routelage. 1998. Retrieved أربعة November 2011.
- Nathan, Andrew J. "The Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs. January/February 2001. Retrieved ثلاثة November 2010
- Pan, Philip P. (2008). Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
- Pikcunas, Dr. Diane D. "Chinas Great Leap Backward". Freeman: Ideas on Liberty. December 1989. Vol 39; issue 12. Retrieved أربعة November 2011.
- Wang Yongxia. "Li Xiaopeng Takes the Post of Vice-Governor of Shanxi, Promises to be "a Good Public Servant". Xinhuanet. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2011. [Chinese]
- Wu, Jeff. "Three Gorges Dam"[]. The Claremont Port Side. 28 November 2007.
- Xinhua. "Li Xiaopeng Appointed Acting Governor of Shanxi". China Daily. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- "Li Peng's Biography". Xinhuanet. 15 January 2002. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ژاوزييانگ. Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier ژاوزييانگ. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0
وصلات خارجية
- Li Peng human rights lawsuit
- Li Peng biography @ China Vitae, the web's largest online database of China VIPs
مناصب سياسية | ||
---|---|---|
سبقه ليولانبو |
وزير الطاقة الكهربائية 1981–1982 |
تبعه Qian Zhengying بصفته وزير المصادر والطاقة المائية |
سبقه He Dongchang بصفته وزير التعليم |
رئيس مفوضية الدولة للتعليم 1985–1988 |
تبعه Li Tieying |
سبقه ژاوزييانگ |
رئيس مجلس وزراء جمهورية الصين الشعبية 1987–1998 |
تبعه ژورونگجي |
سبقه چياوشي |
رئيس اللجنة دائمة الانعقاد لمؤتمر الشعب الوطني 1998–2003 |
تبعه ووبانگگوو |
نطقب:Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China نطقب:15th Politburo of the Communist Party of China نطقب:14th Politburo of the Communist Party of China نطقب:13th Politburo of the Communist Party of China نطقب:12th Politburo of the Communist Party of China نطقب:Ministers of Education of the People's Republic of China
تسنيف:سياسيوالحزب الشيوعي الصيني من شانغهاي