جورچن (شعب)
جورچن (شعب) | |||||||||
الاسم الصيني | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 女真 | ||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 女眞 (variant) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
الاسم الكوري | |||||||||
هانگول | 여진 (كوريا ج.) 녀진 (كوريا ش.) |
||||||||
| |||||||||
Khitan name | |||||||||
Khitan | dʒuuldʒi (女直) | ||||||||
المنغولية name | |||||||||
المنغولية | Зүрчид Jürchid |
جورچن Jurchens أوجورچد Jurcheds (لغة الجورچن: jušen) كانوا شعباً تنگوسياً سكن منطقة منشوريا حتى القرن 17، حين بدأوا في تسمية أنفسهم شعب المانشو.
أسس الجورچن أسرة جين (1115–1234) (Ancun gurun بلغة الجورچن الأقدم وAisin gurun بلغة المانشوالفصحى)، وهي الدولة التي هزمت أسرة سونگ في 1127 أثناء حروب الجن والسونگ، فسيطرت على معظم شمال الصين.
سيطرة جين على الصين استمرت حتى 1234 عندما فتحها المنغول.
أسرة جين
قبائل الجورشن في القرن الحادي عشر في شمال منشوريا انحدرت من Tungusic Mohe, or Malgal tribes who were subjects of the ethnic-Goguryeo state of Balhae. The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary, and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting. By the 11th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Khitans (see also Liao Dynasty).
الثقافة والمجتمع
اللغة
كتابة الجورچن المبكرة اخترعها في 1120 وانيان شييين، بأمر من وانيان أگودا. It was based on the Khitan script that was inspired in turn by Chinese characters. The written Jurchen language died out soon after the fall of the Jin Dynasty, though its spoken form survived. Until the end of the 16th century, when Manchu became the new literary language, the Jurchens used a combination of Mongolian and Chinese. The pioneering work on studies of the Jurchen script was done by Wilhelm Grube at the end of the 19th century.
أسرة مينگ
Chinese chroniclers of the Ming Dynasty distinguished three groups of Jurchens: the Wild Jurchens (Chinese:野人女真) of northernmost Manchuria, the Haixi Jurchens (Chinese:海西女真) of modern Heilongjiang (Chinese:黑龍江) and the Jianzhou Jurchens of modern Jilin province. They led a pastoral-agrarian lifestyle, hunting, fishing, and engaging in limited agriculture. In 1388, the Hongwu Emperor dispatched a mission to establish contact with the tribes of Odoli, Huligai and T'owen, beginning the sinicisation of the Jurchen people.
据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》 Translation from Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403-1424 by Henry Serruys
الانتنطق من الجورچن إلى المانشو
في فترة ثلاثين عاماً من 1586، قام نورحاجي، زعيم جورچن جيانژو، بتوحيد قبائل الجورچن، التي تسمت لاحقاً بإسم مانشوفي 1635 من قِبل ابنه هونگ تايجي. فقد خلق كياناً متيناً من الهيئات القبلية ومتعددة الأعراق، والتي كانت بمثابة أساس لدولة المانشوولاحقاً لفتح الصين على يد أسرة چينگ.
خلق جماعة المانشوالعرقية من شعب الجورچن يُربط بتشكيل الرايات الثمانية على يد هونگ تايجي.
سليلون محتملون للجورچن
انظر أيضاً
- Ethnic groups in Chinese history
- List of Chieftains of the Jurchens
- Toi invasion
- Korean-Jurchen wars
- Nani people
الهامش
- ^ Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise. Vol. IV, Liang-P'u. Paris/Taipei: Institut Ricci 2001, p. 697.
- ^ 遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考
- ^ Nahm, Andrew C (1996). Korea: Tradition and Transformation — A History of the Korean People (második kiadás ed.). Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International. pp. 89–90. ISBN .
- ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13-4.
- ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 14.
- ^ 萧国亮 (2007-01-24). "明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易". 艺术中国(ARTX.cn). p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Serruys 1955, p. 22.
المصادر
- Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976). Goodrich, Luther Carrington (ed.). (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Breuker, Remco E. (2010). . Volume 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library. BRILL. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007). . Volume ثلاثة of Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (annotated ed.). Routledge. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1990). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1999). . University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Serruys, Henry (1955). . Volume أربعة of Göttinger asiatische Forschungen. O. Harrassowitz. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S., eds. (2006). . Volume 28 of Studies on China (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Elliott, Mark C. (2001). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). . Volume Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- Hayter-Menzies, Grant (2008). (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Hammond, Kenneth James; Stapleton, Kristin Eileen, eds. (2008). . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010). Kagan, Kimberly (ed.). . Paul Bushkovitch, Nicholas Canny, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Arthur Eckstein, Frank Ninkovich, Loren J. Samons. Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Lovell, Julia (2007). . Grove Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- McCoy, John F.; Light, Timothy, eds. (1986). . Volumeخمسة of Cornell Linguistic Contributions, V. 5. Brill Archive. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Meng, Sen (2006). . Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN .
- Muramatsu, Yuji (Feb 1972). "Banner Estates and Banner Lands in 18th Century China -Evidence from Two New Sources" (PDF). Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics. Hitotsubashi University. 12 (2): 1–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- Naquin, Susan (2000). . University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Perdue, Peter C (2009). (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Peterson, Willard J. (2002). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- de Rachewiltz, Igor, ed. (1993). . Volume 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN . ISSN 0571-320X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). . University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (Nov 1996). "Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 55 (4): 829–850. doi:10.2307/2646525. JSTOR 2646525.
- Reardon-Anderson, James (Oct 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History. 5 (No. 4): 503–530. JSTOR 3985584.
- Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011). . University of Washington Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Rowe, William T. (2010). . Volumeستة of History of Imperial China (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Seth, Michael J. (2006). . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (illustrated, annotated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Seth, Michael J. (2010). . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN . Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- Spence, Jonathan D. (1988). . Volume 85 of Yale historical publications: Miscellany (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, Jr., John E., eds. (1979). (illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Taveirne, Patrick (2004). . Volume 15 of Louvain Chinese studies (illustrated ed.). Leuven University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H., eds. (1995). (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1998). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988). (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Vajda, E. J. "Manchu (Jurchen)". Pandora Web Space (Western Washington University). Professor Edward Vajda. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- Wakeman, Frederic (1977). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). . University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). . Volumeسبعة of The California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- WANG, SHUO (Fall 2004). "The Selection of Women for the Qing Imperial Harem" (PDF). The Chinese Historical Review. The Chinese Historians in the United States, Inc., (CHUS). 11 (NO. 2): 212–222. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991). . Volume 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Williamson, Mitch (May 19, 2011). "JURCHEN JIN DYNASTY". Weapons and Warfare. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996). . International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- 张博泉(Zhang Boquan) (1984). 《金史简编》. 辽宁人民出版社. pp. 97–98.
-
Zhang, Feng (2008). "Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations". International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Paper presented to ISA’s 49th Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26–29, 2008
-
. Contributor Society for Ch'ing Studies (U.S.). Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i. 1983. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014. horizontal tab character in
|others=
at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link) -
. Contributor Society for Ch'ing Studies (U.S.). Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i. 1983. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014. horizontal tab character in
|others=
at position 12 (help)CS1 maint: others (link) -
. Contributors Society for Qing Studies (U.S.), Project Muse. Society for Qing Studies. 1989. Retrieved 30 December 2012. horizontal tab character in
|others=
at position 13 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
هذه الموضوعة تتضمن نصاً من The Manchus: or The reigning dynasty of China; their rise and progress، بقلم John Ross، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1880 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
وصلات خارجية
- Jurchen script
- (صينية) The Jurchen language and Script Website (Chinese Traditional Big5 code page) via Internet Archive
- The Russian news about the discovery of the Jurchen burial ground, July 2012