الحملة السورية اللبنانية كان غزواً قام به حلفاء الحرب العالمية الثانية لسوريا ولبنان، لتحريرهما من سيطرة فرنسا الڤيشية، الممالئة لألمانية النازية، في يونيو-يوليو1941. أشارت مجلة تايم للقتال على أنه "عرض مختلط" حيث سقط القتال ولايعهد سوى القليل عن الحملة، حتى في البلدان التي شاركته بها. هناك مرشد على حتى رقباء الحلفاء اتخذوا اجراءات لقمع أوالتقليل من التغطية الصحفية للقتال الشرس. كان كبار قادة الحلفاء و/أوالسياسيين يعتقدون حتى الإطلاع على مجريات القتال ضد القوات الفرنسية يفترض أنقد يكون له تأثير سلبي على الرأي العام في بلدان الحلفاء.

أثناء العمليات فقأ طلق ناري العين اليسرى لموشيه دايان، المتطوع اليهودي المرافق للقوات الاسترالية المشاركة في الغزو، والذي سيصبح لاحقاً وزير الدفاع الإسرائيلي.

خلفية

هجوم الحلفاء كان موجهاً لمنع ألمانيا النازية من استخدام الجمهورية السورية ولبنان الكبير، اللذين كانا تحت سيطرة فرنسا ڤيشي، كمنطلق لهجمات على تحصينات الحلفاء في مصر، أثناء شن الحلفاء حملة غرباً ضد قوات المحور في شمال أفريقيا. فبالرغم من حتى فرنسا قد منحت حكماً ذاتياً لسوريا في سبتمبر 1936، إلا أنها احتفظت بتعهدات سورية بعدم الاعتراض هلى احتفاظ فرنسا بقوات مسلحة ومطارين حربيين في الأراضي السورية. ومنذ 1 أبريل، بعد انقلاب، أصبح العراق في قبضة ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني 1941، الممالئ لألمانيا، مما تسبب لاحقاً في اندلاع الحرب الأنگلو-عراقية التي انتصرت فيها بريطانيا لتؤكد سيطرتها على العراق.

الافتتاحية

قوات فرنسا ڤيشي

Dentz was Commander in Chief of the Armée du Levant (Army of the Levant), which had regular metropolitan colonial troops and troupes spéciales (special troops, indigenous Syrian and Lebanese soldiers). There were seven infantry battalions of regular French troops at his disposal, which included the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion, the 24th Colonial Infantry Regiment and eleven infantry battalions of "special troops", including at least 5,000 cavalry in horsed and motorized units, two artillery groups and supporting units. The Vichy garrison numbered 35,000 troops, comprising 35,000 regulars including 8,000 French and 25,000 Syrian and Lebanese infantry. The French had 90 tanks (according to British estimates), the Armée de l'Air de Vichy (Vichy French Air Force) had 90 aircraft (increasing to 289 aircraft after reinforcement) and the Marine Nationale (French Navy) had two destroyers, Guépard and Valmy, and three submarines.

On 14 May 1941, a British Bristol Blenheim bomber crew, flying a reconnaissance mission over Palmyra in central Syria, spotted a Junkers Ju 90 transport taking off, with more German and Italian aircraft seen later that day; an attack on the airfield was authorised later that evening. Attacks against German and Italian aircraft staging through Syria continued and the British claimed six Axis aircraft destroyed byثمانية June. Vichy French forces claimed to have shot down a Blenheim on 28 May and to have forced down another on 2 June. The RAF shot down a Vichy Martin 167F bomber over the British Mandate of Palestine onستة June. While German interest in the French mandates of Syria and Lebanon was limited, Adolf Hitler permitted reinforcement of the French troops, by allowing French aircraft en route from Algeria to Syria to fly over Axis-controlled territory and refuel at the German-controlled Eleusina air base in Greece. The activity of German aircraft based in Greece and the Dodecanese Islands was interpreted by the British as support for Vichy troops, but although Dentz briefly considered accepting German assistance, he rejected the offer on 13 June.

قوات الحلفاء والتخطيط

فلسطين والعراق

The British-led invasion of Syria and Lebanon aimed at preventing Nazi Germany from using the Vichy French-controlled Syrian Republic and French Lebanon for attacks on Egypt as the British fought the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) against Axis forces in North Africa. The concerns were that attacks by Nazi Germany from Syria and Lebanon could eventuate if the Nazis had access to the airfields there and if German troops fighting at the time on the Eastern Front could link up with Vichy forces, in the event of Nazi success against Russia, by advancing south through the Caucasus. Both of these contingencies would have exposed Allied forces in Egypt from the north at a time when all available resources needed to focus on halting the Nazi advances from the west. Although the French had ceded autonomy to Syria in September 1936, they had retained treaty rights to maintain armed forces and two airfields in the territory. From 1 April 1941, after a coup d'état, Iraq, on the eastern border of Syria, came under the control of nationalists led by Rashid Ali who were willing to appeal for German support. The Anglo-Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) led to the installation of a pro-British government.

British forces to the south of Syria in Mandate Palestine were under the command of General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson and consisted of the 7th Australian Division (minus the 18th Brigade, which was in North Africa, besieged at Siege of Tobruk), Gentforce with two Free French brigades of the 1st Free French Division (including two battalions of the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade attached to the 1st Free French Brigade) and the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade (4th Indian Infantry Division) with artillery, engineers and other support services attached to form the 5th Indian Brigade Group. In northern and central Syria, Iraq Command (Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Quinan) was used in this campaign to attack from the east, consisting of the 10th Indian Infantry Division, elements of the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division) and Habforce, the 4th Cavalry Brigade and the Arab Legion, under John Glubb (Glubb Pasha).Commando and raiding operations were undertaken by No. 11 (Scottish) Commando from Cyprus, as well as Palmach paramilitary and Mista'arvim squads from Mandatory Palestine.

Air support was provided by squadrons from the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF); ground forces on the coast were supported by bombardments from Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) units of the Mediterranean Fleet. At the beginning, Air Commodore L. O. Brown, the Air officer commanding (AOC) HQ RAF Palestine and Transjordan had the understrength 11 Squadron (Bristol Blenheim Mk IV), 80 Squadron, re-equipping with Hawker Hurricanes, ثلاثة Squadron RAAF, converting to Curtiss Tomahawks, 208 (Army Co-operation) Squadron with a flight of Hurricanes and X Flight (Gloster Gladiators). A detachment of Fleet Air Arm (FAA) 815 Naval Air Squadron (Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers) in Cyprus and 84 Squadron (Blenheims) in Iraq were to co-operate.

British forces in reserve included the 6th Infantry Division (with the Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion–East attached to the 23rd Infantry Brigade) and the 17th Australian Brigade. In mid-June, the division with its two infantry brigades came into the line as reinforcements, mainly on the Damascus front and the southern force was placed under the command of the 1st Australian Corps on 19 June. At the beginning of Operation Exporter, the British and Commonwealth force consisted of about 34,000 men (18,000 Australians, 9,000 British, 2,000 Indian and 5,000 Free French troops). The RAF and RAAF had about 50 aircraft and the navy contributed the landing ship , five cruisers and eight destroyers.

قوات الهاگاناه

في مطلع يونيو1941 شاركت قوات الهاگاناه بسرايا عسكرية عملت إلى جانب الجيش البريطاني. كان من بين المشاركين وزير الدفاع الإسرائيلي السابق موشيه ديان الذي كان قائداً لإحدى السرايا العسكرية التابعة للهاگاناه. صدرت التعليمات لديان والسرية العسكرية التي كان يقودها بالتوجه إلى سوريا من أجل الانضمام للجيش البريطاني لحماية الجسور الاستراتيجية بمنطقة الإسكندرونة بهدف معاونة الجيش البريطاني في سوريا ولبنان ضد الجيش الفرنسي. خلال معركة تم فيها تبادل إطلاق النار بمنطقة الإسكندرونة بين الجيش البريطاني والفرنسي، فقد ديان عينه اليسرى خلال المعركة. حسب القناة الثانية الإسرائيلية، تم الكشف عن تلك الحادثة عبر وثائق أرشيفية جاز الجيش الإسرائيلي بنشرها في يونيو2013، مشيرة إلى حتى هذه الوثائق كانت توصيف للمعركة التي سقطت بالقرية السورية والأحداث التي سقطت بها، وأوضحت الوثيقة حتى ديان رغم إصابته أصر علي مواصلة الخدمة في الجيش البريطاني.

وحسب وثيقة الجيش الإسرائيلي فإن ديان ومعه عدد من السرية التي كان يقودها توجهوا نحوالجسر الذي كُلف بتأمينه وعند أحد المباني بقرية الإسكندرونة هاجمهم عدد من الجنود الفرنسيين، ودار تبادل لإطلاق النار وإطلاق بعض القذائف بين المجموعتين انتهى بإصابة ديان في يديه وعينيه.

وعلي إثر هذه الإصابه تم نقل ديان لمستشفى هداسا بحيفا، وهناك أثبتت الفحوص الطبية أنه يوجد جرح داخلي في عينه اليسرى علي أثر دخول بعض الشظايا وظل ديان في المستشفى منذ يومسبعة يونيووحتى منتصف الشهر نفسه حتى خط طبيب المستشفى تقريره النهائي بأنه لا أمل في علاج عينه اليسرى ولا محاله أنه فقد الإبصار بها وحفاظا عليها نصحه الطبيب بوضع غطاء فوقها.

خطة الهجوم البريطانية

The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, on Damascus and Beirut from Palestine, on northern Syria and Palmyra (in central Syria) from Iraq and Tripoli (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq. The 5th Indian Brigade Group (Brigadier Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd) was ordered to cross the Syrian border from Palestine and take Quneitra and Deraa. It was anticipated that this would open the way for the 1st Free French Division to advance to Damascus. Four days after the commencement of the operation, this force was brought under unified command and was named Gentforce after its French commander, Major-General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme. The 7th Australian Division (Major-General John Lavarack (succeeded by Major-General Arthur "Tubby" Allen on 18 June when Lavarack took over Australian I Corps) advanced from Palestine along the coastal road from Haifa towards Beirut. The Australian 21st Brigade was to take Beirut, advancing along the coast from Tyre, over the Litani River towards Sidon. The Australian 25th Brigade was to attack the large Vichy French airbase at Rayak, advancing along a route further inland from the 21st Brigade. The operation was also to include a supporting commando landing from Cyprus at the south of the Litani River.

Once the two southern prongs were well engaged, it was planned that a third force, comprising formations drawn from Iraq Command, would invade Syria. The bulk of the 10th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General William "Bill" Slim) was to advance north-west up the Euphrates River from Haditha in Iraq (upstream from Baghdad), toward Deir ez Zor and thence to Raqqa and Aleppo. The manoeuvre was intended to threaten the communication and supply lines of Vichy forces defending Beirut against the Australians advancing from the south, in particular the railway line running northwards through Aleppo to هجريا (Turkey was thought by some British strategists to be sympathetic to Vichy and to Germany). A group comprising two infantry battalions from the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade (10th Indian Division) and two from the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division), would operate independently, to capture all the territory in north-east Syria. The 20th Indian Infantry Brigade were to make a feint from Mosul and the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade would advance into the Bec du Canard (Duck's Bill) region, through which a railway from Aleppo ran eastward to Mosul and Baghdad. Habforce was in Iraq attached to Iraq Command, because it had previously struck across the desert from the Transjordan border as part of the relief of RAF Habbaniya during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Habforce comprised the 4th Cavalry Brigade, the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment and the Arab Legion Mechanized Regiment, supported by field, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery units, to gather in western Iraq between Rutbah and the Transjordan border. At the same time as the thrust up the Euphrates, Habforce would advance in a north-westerly direction to take Palmyra in Syria and secure the oil pipeline from Haditha to Tripoli.

الحملة

الحرب البرية

Hostilities commenced onثمانية June 1941. The battles of the campaign were:

• Battle of the Litani River (9 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine
• Battle of Jezzine (13 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine
• Battle of Sidon (13–15 June): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine
• Battle of Kissoué (15–17 June): part of the advance on Damascus from Palestine
• Battle of Damascus (18–21 June): part of the advance on Damascus from Palestine
• Battle of Merdjayoun (19–24 June): part of the advance on Beirut and Damascus from Palestine
• Battle of Palmyra (1 July): part of the advance on Palmyra and Tripoli from Iraq
• Battle of Deir ez-Zor (3 July): part of the advance on central and northern Syria from Iraq
• Battle of Damour (5–9 July): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine
• Battle of Beirut (12 July): part of the advance on Beirut from Palestine

الحرب الجوية

دمشق

بيروت

شمال سوريا

تدمر وطرابلس

الحملات

الحرب في البر

بدأ القتال يومثمانية يونيو1941. وكانت المعارك الكبرى للحملة:

• نهر الليطاني
• جزين
• الكسوة
• دمشق
• مرج عيون
• تدمر
• دير الزور
• دامور
• بيروت

الحرب في الجو

الحرب في البحر

التبعات

الجنرال الفرنسي الحر جورج كاتروتولى ادارة سوريا ولبنان. في 26 نوفمبر، بعد فترة قصيرة من توليه المنصب، اعترف كاتروباستقلال سوريا ولبنان باسم الحركة الفرنسية الحرة.

فيثمانية نوفمبر 1943، بعد الانتخابات، أصبحت لبنان دولة مستقلة. في 27 فبراير 1945، أعربت لبنان الحرب على ألمانيا وامبراطورية اليابان.

أصبحت سوريا مستقلة في 1 يناير 1944. في 26 فبراير 1945، أعربت سوريا الحرب على ألمانيا واليابان.

مشاهير المشاركين

حائزوصليب ڤكتوريا

آخرون

• Frank Berryman, later a prominent Australian General.
• موشيه ديان، لاحقاً رئيس أركان القوات المسلحة الإسرائيلية ثم وزير الدفاع والخارجية الإسرائيلي، وقد فقد عينه أثناء عمله مع وحدة أسترالية. وقد حصل ديان على صليب عسكري لأعماله في الحملة.
• Roald Dahl, a fighter pilot at the time who had previously fought in the Greek campaign, later a prominent British author.
• Bobby Gibbes, member of No. ثلاثة Squadron RAAF, who claimed the first ofعشرة victories during the campaign and went on to become the squadron's longest-serving wartime commander.
• Sir John Hackett, an Australian-born junior officer in the British Army at the time; prominent after the war as both a British General and author. Hackett was wounded during the campaign.
• Pierre Le Gloan, French air ace, who served on the Vichy side during the campaign. He shot down seven Allied aircraft.
• Paddy Mayne, British Special Air Service (SAS) officer.
• إسحاق رابين، لاحقاً جنرال إسرائيلي، ورئيس أركان القوات المسلحة الإسرائيلية، ومرتين رئيس وزراء إسرائيل.
• Stanley Savige, commander of the Australian 17th Brigade, later a prominent Australian General.
• Lt Col (then Capt) John Masters DSO, Adjutant 2/4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, later prominent author who wrote of his involvement in the campaign in "The Road Past Mandalay".
• Geoffrey Keyes, celebrated British commando officer involved with the crossing of the Litani River. In November 1941 in operations against German General Erwin Rommel in North Africa Keyes was awarded the VC posthumously.
• Raphaël Onana, a Camerounian staff sergeant.

انظر أيضاً

• أسمهان
• الهجوم على المرسى الكبير
• الثورة العربية في فلسطين 1936–1939
• معاهدة الاستقلال الفرنسية السورية (1936)
• التفجيرات الإيطالية في فلسطين في الحرب العالمية الثانية
• الامبراطورية الاستعمارية الفرنسية
• قائمة الممتلكات والمستعمرات الفرنسية

الهوامش

الحواشي

المراجع

المصادر

• Auchinleck, Claude (1946). Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5th July, 1941 to 31st October 1941. London: War Office. in "No. 37695". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)
• Bou-Nacklie, N. E. (1994). "The 1941 Invasion of Syria and Lebanon: The Role of the Local Paramilitary". Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (3): 512–29.
• Brune, Peter (2003). A bastard of a Place: The Australians in Papua. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
• Keegan, John (2005). Dear, I.C.B.; Foot, M.R.D. (ed.). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 1064 pages. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• Long, Gavin (1953). "Chapters 16 to 26". . Official Histories – Second World War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
• Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 623 pages.
• Mollo, Andrew (1981). The Armed Forces of World War II. Crown. ISBN .
• Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN .
• Piekałkiewicz, Janusz (1987). Sea War: 1939–1945. London – New York: Blandford Press. ISBN .
• Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (July 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Part 1: Forestalling the Germans; air battles over S. Lebanon". Air Pictorial. 32 (7): pp. 242–247.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
• Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (August 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Part 2: Breaking the Back of Vichy air strength; conclusion". Air Pictorial. 32 (8): pp. 280–284.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
• Shores, Christopher F. (1987). L' aviation de Vichy au combat 2 La campagne de Syrie,ثمانية juin – 14 juillet 1941 (in French). Paris: Lavauzelle. ISBN . Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Wavell, Archibald (1946). Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942. London: War Office. in "No. 37685". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 August 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Syria-Lebanon Campaign 1941.

• "Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941 to 12th January 1942" (PDF). Supplement to the London Gazette, Number 37685. August 13, 1946. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
• "Claude Auchinleck's Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5th July, 1941 to 31st October 1941". Supplement to the London Gazette, Number 37695. August 20, 1946. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
• Australian War Memorial, 2005, "Syrian Campaign"
• "The Syrian Show Begins" – Time Magazine article, June 18, 1941
• "Exit With A Flourish" – Time Magazine article, July 28, 1941
• The Palmach