عصيان مورو Moro Rebellion (بين 1899–1913) كان جهاداً بين شعب الموروفي مندناووسولووپالاوان (منسوپالا) وبين القوات المسلحة الأمريكية دار في الفلپين بين 1899 و1913، إثر الحرب الأمريكية الاسبانية في 1898. حدثة "مورو" هي المصطلح المستخدم للاشارة إلى المسلمين في جنوب الفلبين، وهي المنطقة التي تضم مندناووالجزر المجاورة لها ( أرخبيل سولو). ويرى المتمردون المسلمون الحاليون في جنوب الفلبين حتى عصيان الموروكان مواصلة للجهاد ضد الحكم الأجنبي.

خلفية

للموروتاريخ يمتد 400 سنة من مقاومة الحكم الأجنبي. النضال المسلح ضد الفلپينووالأمريكان واليابانيين والاسبان يعتبره القادة الحاليون للمورو(المسلمين) كجزء من "حركة تحرير قومية" استمرت أربعة قرون لـ باڠسامورو(أمة المورو).نطقب:Neologism inline The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moros (Muslims) persisted and developed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state. A "culture of jihad" emerged among the Moros due to the centuries long war against the Spanish invaders.^:16

The الولايات المتحدة claimed the territories of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War. The ethnic Moro (Muslim) population of the southern Philippines resisted both Spanish and United States colonization. The Spaniards were restricted to a handful of coastal garrisons or Forts and they made occasional punitive expeditions into the vast interior regions. After a series of unsuccessful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces occupied the abandoned city of جولو، سولو، مقر سلطان سولو, in 1876. The Spaniards and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Spanish Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878. Control of the Sulu archipelago outside of the Spanish garrisons was handed to the Sultan. The treaty had translation errors: According to the Spanish-language version, Spain had complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, while the Tausug version described a protectorate instead of an outright dependency. Despite the very nominal claim to the Moro territories, Spain ceded them to the United States in the Treaty of Paris which signaled the end of the Spanish–American War.

Following the American occupation of the Northern Philippines during 1899, Spanish forces in the Southern Philippines were abolished, and they retreated to the garrisons at Zamboanga and Jolo. American forces took control over the Spanish government in Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899.

The Moros resisted the new American colonizers as they had resisted the Spanish. The Spanish, American, and Philippine governments have all been fought against by the Muslims of Sulu and Mindanao.

دور الدولة العثمانية

John Hay, the American Secretary of State, asked the ambassador to الدولة العثمانية، Oscar Straus in 1899 to approach Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to request that the Sultan write a letter to the Moro Sulu Muslims of the Sulu Sultanate in the Philippines telling them to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule. Despite the sultan's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he readily aided the American forces because he felt no need to cause hostilities between the West and Muslims.

Abdul Hamid wrote the letter, which was sent to Mecca where two Sulu chiefs brought it home to Sulu. It was successful, and the "Sulu Mohammedans . . . refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of [the American] army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty." John P. Finley wrote that:

After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider what this means in men and also the millions in money, he will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy, in averting a holy war.

President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman Empire's role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress in December 1899 since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until December 18.

النزاع

حكم جون پرشنگ (1909-1913)

في 11 نوفمبر 1909، تسلم الماجور جنرال جون پرشنگ، ثالث وآخر حاكم عسكري لمحافظة مورو، مهام منصبه.

الخسائر

كان للتفوق الضخم في تسليح القوات الأمريكية أثراً بالغاً في ابادة أكثر من 20,000 من مسلمي المورووتهجير أكثر من مليون مسلم إلى مناطق غير قابلة للسكنى.

أثناء عصيان المورو، تكبد الأمريكان خسائر بلغت 130 قتيل و323 جريح. وبالاضافة لذلك نحو500 موتى بالأمراض. وتكبدت الكشافة الفلپينيون التي رافقت القوات الأمريكية أثناء الحملة 116 قتيل و189 جريح. تكبدت الشرطة الفلپينية كذلك خسائر فادحة، تعدت 1,500، نصفهم قتلى.

• ثلاثة من مجاهدي المورومشنوقون في جولو، 23 يوليو1911

• ثلاثة من مجاهدي المورومشنوقون في جولو، 23 يوليو1911

انظر أيضاً

• نزاع الاسباني المورو
• التمرد في الفلپين

الهامش

المراجع

• Birtle, Andrew J. (1998). U.S. Army Counterinsurgency & Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1860–1941. Diane Pub Co. ISBN .
• Byler, Charles (2005). "Pacifying the Moros: American Military Government in the Southern Philippines, 1899–1913" (PDF). Military Review: 41–45. Retrieved 2007-12-02. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Hagedorn, Hermann (1931). . 2. New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Hurley, Vic (1936). . New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Archived from the original on 2008-07-12. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
• Kho, Madge. "The Bates Treaty". PhilippineUpdate.com. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
• Kolb, Richard K. (May 2002). Like a mad tiger': fighting Islamic warriors in the Philippines 100 years ago". VFW Magazine.
• Lane, Jack C. (1978). Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood. San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press. ISBN . OCLC 3415456.
• Millett, Alan R. (1975). The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States Army 1881–1925. Westport, Conn.: Greenward Press. ISBN . OCLC 1530541.
• Palmer, Frederick (1970) [1934]. Bliss, Peacemaker: The Life and Letters of General Tasker Howard Bliss. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN . OCLC 101067.
• Smythe, Donald (1973). Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing. New York: Charles Scribener's Sons. ISBN . OCLC 604954.
• Vandiver, Frank E. (1977). Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing. 1. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN . OCLC 2645933.

للاستزادة

• Arnold, James R. The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913 (Bloomsbury Press; 2011) 306 pages, the standard scholarly history
• Linn, Brian McAllister (1999). . UNC Press Books. p. 360. ISBN .

وصلات خارجية

• Battles of Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak