ماديرا Madeira
منطقة ذاتية (Região Autónoma)
منظر فونشال، عاصمة المنطقة ذات الاستقلال الذاتي.
الفهم الدرع
Official name: Região Autónoma da Madeira
Name origin: madeira، في البرتغالية تعني غابة
Motto: Das Ilhas as Mais Belas e Livres (الترجمة: بين جميع الجزر، الأجمل والحرة)
البلد	الپرتغال
منطقة ذاتية	ماديرا
المنطقة	المحيط الأطلسي
Subregion	Tore-Madeira Ridge
Position	Madeira Platform, Savage Islands submarine mount
جزر	ماديرا, Porto Santo, Desertas, Selvagens
العاصمة	فونشال
أكبر مدينة	فونشال
- الإحداثيات	Coordinates:
أعلى نقطة	Pico Ruivo
- المسقط	Paul da Serra, سانتانا, ماديرا
- المنسوب	1,862 م (6,109 قدم)
أوطى نقطة	Sea level
- المسقط	المحيط الأطلسي, ماديرا
- المنسوب	0 م (0 قدم)
المساحة	801 kم2 (309 ميل2)
التعداد	267٬785 (2011) Estimate▲
الكثافة	308.5/كم2 (799/ميل2)
مستوطنة	ح. 1420
- استقلال ذاتي اداري	ح. 1895
- الاستقلال الذاتي	1 يوليو1976
الاكتشاف	ح. 1415
Management
- location	Assembleia Regional, Sé, فونشال
- elevation	16 م (52 قدم)
- الاحداثيات
الحكومة
- location	Quinta Vigia, Sé, فونشال
- elevation	51 م (167 قدم)
- الإحداثيات
الرئيس (الحكومة)	Miguel Albuquerque
- President (Assembleia)	José Miguel Jardim d´Olival de Mendonça (PPD-PSD )
Timezone	WET (UTC+0)
- summer (DST)	WEST (UTC+1)
ISO 3166-2 code	PT-30
Postal code	9XXX-XXX
Area code	(+351) 291 XXX XXX
ccTLD	.pt
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy
Drive	right-side
Demonym	Madeiran; Madeirense
القديس الحامي	Nossa Senhora do Monte
Holiday	1 يوليو
Anthem	A Portuguesa (national) Hino da Madeira (regional)
Currency	Euro (€)
GDP (nominal)	تقدير 2010
- Total	€ 5.224 بليون
- Per capita	€ 21,100
Location of Madeira relative to Portugal (green) and the rest of the European Union (light green)
Distribution of the islands of the archipelago (not including the Savage islands)
Wikimedia Commons: Madeira
إحصائيات: Instituto Nacional de Estatística
المسقط: www.gov-madeira.pt
Geographic detail from CAOP (2010) produced by Instituto Geográfico Português (IGP)

ماديرا (Madeira؛ // أو // ; البرتغالية: [mɐˈðejɾɐ] أو [mɐˈðɐjɾɐ]) هي أرخبيل برتغالي يقع في شمال المحيط الأطلسي، غرب وإلى الجنوب قليلاً من البرتغال. بلغ تعداد سكانها في عام 2011 نحو267,785.

وتقع جزر ماديرا في شمال غربي أفريقيا وعاصمة الجزر فونشال.

يبلغ سكان ماديرا حوالي 250,000 نسمة، وهاجر اليها المسلمين من المغرب، ويعتقد أنهم يشكلون حوالي 10% من سكان الجزر.

It is just under 400 kiloمترs (1,300,000 قدم) north of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Since 1976, the archipelago has been one of the two Autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores, located to the northwest). It includes the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands. It is an outermost region of the European Union.

Madeira was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince هنري الملاح in 1419, and settled after 1420. The archipelago is considered to be the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, which extended from 1415 to 1542.

Today, it is a popular year-round resort, being visited every year by about one million tourists. The region is noted for its Madeira wine, flowers, landscapes and embroidery artisans. Its annual New Year celebrations feature the largest fireworks show in the world, as officially recognised by Guinness World Records in 2006. The main harbour in Funchal is the leading Portuguese port in cruise liner dockings, being an important stopover for commercial and trans-Atlantic passenger cruises between Europe, the Caribbean and North Africa.

التاريخ

الاستكشاف

Pliny mentioned certain , their position corresponding to the location of the Fortunate Isles (or Canary Islands), that may have referred to islands of Madeira. Plutarch (Sertorius, 75 AD) referring to the military commander Quintus Sertorius (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to Cádiz: "...The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie 10,000 furlongs from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed...". The estimated distance from Africa, 2,000 kiloمترs (1,200 ميل), and the closeness of the two islands, seem to describe the similar position of the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo.

Archeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the Vikings sometime between 900-1030 AD. This is based on carbon-dated Scandinavian mice bones found on the island and the following extinction of various bird species.

الأسطورة

During the reign of King Edward III of England, lovers Robert Machim and Anna d'Arfet were said to flee from England to France in 1346. They were driven off their course by a violent storm and their ship went aground along the coast of an island, that may have been Madeira. Later this legend was the basis of the naming of the city of Machico, in memory of the young lovers. Its name was transliterated from the name of the young man in the tale.

الاكتشاف

Knowledge of some Atlantic islands, such as Madeira, existed before their formal discovery and settlement, as the islands were shown on maps as early as 1339. From a portolan dating to 1351, and preserved in Florence, Italy, the islands of Madeira appeared to have been discovered long before Portuguese explorers reached them. In Libro del Conocimiento (1348–1349), a Castilian monk identified the location of the islands in their present location, naming them as Leiname (modern Italian legname, cognate of Portuguese madeira, "wood"), Diserta, and Puerto Santo. ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

In 1418, two captains under service to Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were driven off-course by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (بالعربية: الميناء المقدس) in gratitude for divine deliverance from a shipwreck. The following year, an organised expedition, under the captaincy of Zarco, Vaz Teixeira, and Bartolomeu Perestrello, traveled to the island to claim it on behalf of the Portuguese Crown. Subsequently, the new settlers observed "a heavy black cloud suspended to the southwest." Their investigation revealed it to be the larger island they called Madeira.

الجغرافيا

The archipelago of Madeira is located 520 kم (280 nmi) from the African coast and 1,000 kم (540 nmi) from the European continent (approximately a one-and-a-half hour flight from the Portuguese capital of Lisbon). It is found in the extreme south of the Tore-Madeira Ridge, a bathymetric structure of great dimensions oriented along a north-northeast to south-southwest axis that extends for 1,000 kiloمترs (540 nmi). This submarine structure consists of long geomorphological relief that extends from the abyssal plain to 3500 metres; its highest submersend point is at a depth of about 150 metres (around latitude 36ºN). The origins of the Tore-Madeira Ridge are not clearly established, but may have resulted from a morphological buckling of the lithosphere.

الجزر والجـُزَيرات

Madeira (740.7 km²), including Ilhéu de Agostinho, Ilhéu de São Lourenço, Ilhéu Mole (northwest);

Porto Santo (42.5 km²), including Ilhéu de Baixo ou da Cal, Ilhéu de Ferro, Ilhéu das Cenouras, Ilhéu de Fora, Ilhéu de Cima;

Desertas Islands (14.2 km²), including the three uninhabited islands: Deserta Grande Island, Bugio Island and Ilhéu de Chão;

Savage Islands (3.6 km²), archipelago 280 km south-southeast of Madeira Island including three main islands and 16 uninhabited islets in two groups: the Northwest Group (Selvagem Grande Island, Ilhéu de Palheiro da Terra, Ilhéu de Palheiro do Mar) and the Southeast Group (Selvagem Pequena Island, Ilhéu Grande, Ilhéu Sul, Ilhéu Pequeno, Ilhéu Fora, Ilhéu Alto, Ilhéu Comprido, Ilhéu Redondo, Ilhéu Norte).

جزيرة ماديرا

The island of Madeira is at the top of a massive shield volcano that rises about 6 kم (20,000 قدم) from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, on the Tore underwater mountain range. The volcano formed atop an east-west rift in the oceanic crust along the African Plate, beginning during the Miocene epoch over 5 million years ago, continuing into the Pleistocene until about 700,000 years ago. This was followed by extensive erosion, producing two large amphitheatres open to south in the central part of the island. Volcanic activity later resumed, producing scoria cones and lava flows atop the older eroded shield. The most recent volcanic eruptions were on the west-central part of the island only 6,500 years ago, creating more cinder cones and lava flows.

Madeira Island represents 93% of the archipelago's area, with 90% of the landmass above 500 m. ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} It is the largest island of the group with an area of 741 kم² (286 ميل²), a length of 57 kم (35 ميل) (from Ponte de São Lourenço to Ponte do Pargo), while approximately 22 kم (14 ميل) at its widest point (from Ponte da Cruz to Ponte São Jorge), with a coastline of 150 kم (492,130 قدم).

جزيرة ماديرا تشكلت من مجموعة براكين قاعدية، متجمعة في ماسيفين:

المناخ

حرائق الغابات

الحيوم

معرض صور الطيور الأصلية

معرض صور النبيت الأصلي

ليڤادا

جزيرة ماديرا مطيرة في الشمال الغربي ولكنها جافة في الجنوب الشرقي. In the 16th century the Portuguese started building levadas or aqueducts to carry water to the agricultural regions in the south. The most recent were built in the 1940s. Madeira is very mountainous, and building the levadas was difficult and often sentenced criminals or slaves were used. Many are cut into the sides of mountains, and it was also necessary to dig 25 ميلs (40 kم) of tunnels, some of which are still accessible.

الحوكمة

Administratively, Madeira (with a population of 267,302 inhabitants in 2011) and covering an area of 768.0 kم² (296.5 ميل²) is organised into eleven municipalities:

فونشال

Funchal is the capital and principal city of the Madeira Autonomous Region, located along the southern coast of the island of Madeira. It is a modern city, located within a natural geological "amphitheatre" composed of vulcanological structure and fluvial hydrological forces. Beginning at the harbour (Porto de Funchal), the neighbourhoods and streets rise almost 1,200 مترs (3,900 قدم), along gentle slopes that helped to provide a natural shelter to the early settlers.

الشتات

Madeiran immigrants in North America mostly clustered in the New England and mid-Atlantic states,Toronto Northern California, and Hawaii. They also settled in Rhode Island and Massachusetts to participate in the flourishing American whaling industry. ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} By 1980, the U.S. Census registered more than a million Americans of Portuguese descent, a large portion Madeirans. ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} The city of New Bedford is especially rich in Madeirans, hosting the Museum of Madeira Heritage, as well as the annual Madeiran and Luso-American celebration, the Feast of the Blessed Sacrament, the world's largest celebration of Madeiran heritage, regularly drawing crowds of tens of thousands to the city's Madeira Field. A Large group of Madeirans and Madeiran decedents are centered around the Greater Toronto Area having emigrated from the Madeiran Island in the early 50's and 60's. They are proud members of the Multicultural mix of Toronto.

الاقتصاد

السياحة

النقل

الثقافة

الموسيقى

المقاطعات الشقيقة

Madeira Island has the following sister provinces:

• - Autonomous Region of Aosta Valley, Italy (1987)
• نطقب:Country data JER - Bailiwick of Jersey, British Crown Dependencies (1998)
• - Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
• – Jeju Province, South Korea (2007)
• - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory

الجاليات الماديرية

Madeira Island has large Cultural Communities around the world :

• New Bedford, Newark, Hawaii الولايات المتحدة
• Toronto, Canada
• Johannesburg , South Africa
• Jersey, London, United Kingdom
• Caracas, Venezuela
• São Paulo, Brazil

طوابع بريدية

Portugal has issued postage stamps for Madeira during several periods, beginning in 1868.

أبناء بارزون

The following people were either born or have lived part of their lives in Madeira:

• António de Abreu, naval officer and navigator
• Bruno Aguilar, composer and famous singer from Madeira and international hotels. Work in the best hotels in the world, like Tokyo, Dubai, Qatar, etc.
• ناديا ألمادا، a winner of the British reality show Big Brother
• منسه بن إسرائيل، حاخام يهودي بارز.
• جوبراردو, Portuguese millionaire, and art collector
• Pedro Macedo Camacho, composer
• كارل الأول من النمسا، deposed monarch, died in exile on Madeira in 1922
• Catarina Fagundes, Olympic athlete for windsurf
• Vânia Fernandes, Portuguese singer who represented Portugal in Eurovision 2008
• José Vicente de Freitas, military and politician
• Vasco da Gama Rodrigues, poet, born in Paul do Mar
• Teodósio Clemente de Gouveia, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
• Herberto Hélder, poet
• Moisés Henriques, former Australian Under-19 Captain and current NSW Blues cricketer
• Alberto João Jardim, second President of the Regional Government
• Luís Jardim, producer of music
• Paul Langerhans, German pathologist and biologist
• Fátima Lopes, fashion designer
• Jaime Ornelas Camacho, first and former President of the Regional Government
• Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, former Archbishop of the former Portuguese colonial enclave Goa (in India)
• Sir Lloyd William Matthews, British naval officer, politician and abolitionist
• Dionísio Pestana, president of the Pestana Group
• Rigo 23, artist
• João Rodrigues, Olympic windsurfer
• كريستيانورونالدو، Real Madrid, Portugal and former Manchester United football player
• John Santos, photographer
• Ana da Silva, founding member of the post-punk band The Raincoats
• Manoel Dias Soeyro or Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657), Sephardi Rabbi and publisher
• Artur de Sousa Pinga, former CS Marítimo and FC Porto football player
• Maximiano de Sousa (Max), popular singer, born in Funchal
• Virgílio Teixeira, actor
• José Travassos Valdez, 1st Count of Bonfim, governor in 1827–1828
• Miguel Albuquerque, third and current President of the Regional Government

انظر أيضاً

• مطار ماديرا
• Madeira Island Open, an annual European Tour golf tournament.
• Surfing in Madeira
• Have Some Madeira M'Dear
• Madeira cake

الهامش

ملاحظات

مراجع

• Pitta, Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt (1812). Account of the Island of Madeira. London, England: C.Stewart Printer.

81. Making the Black Atlantic: Britain and the African Diaspora, by James Walvin, 2000.

مصادر

1. الأقليات المسلمة في أفريقيا - سيد عيد المجيد بكر

وصلات خارجية

• Madeira's Government Website
• Wikimedia Atlas of Madeira
• ماديرا at the Open Directory Project