اللغات الرومانسية هي اللغات التي أصلها اللغة اللاتينية وتعد أحد فروع اللغات الهندوأوروبية. أغلبيتها في جنوب أوروبا وأهمها هي الإيطالية والفرنسية والإسبانية والبرتغالية والرومانية. بسبب الاستعمار الإسباني والفرنسي، دخلت هذه اللغات في أنحاء كثيرة من العالم، وخاصة قارة أمريكا وأفريقيا. يتحدث بها كلغة أم حوالي 600 مليون متحدث حول العالم.

اللغات الرومانسية مشتقة من اللاتينية العامية (أوالسوقية) والتي كانت لغة جنود وعبيد الإمبراطورية الرومانية.

يوجد كذلك لغات محلية رومانسية مثل الوالون.

الاسم

The term "Romance" comes from the Vulgar Latin adverb romanice, derived from Romanicus: for instance, in the expression romanice loqui, "to speak in Roman" (that is, the Latin vernacular), contrasted with latine loqui, "to speak in Latin" (Medieval Latin, the conservative version of the language used in writing and formal contexts or as a lingua franca), and with barbarice loqui, "to speak in Barbarian" (the non-Latin languages of the peoples living outside the Roman Empire). From this adverb the noun romance originated, which applied initially to anything written romanice, or "in the Roman vernacular".

The word romance with the modern sense of romance novel or love affair has the same origin. In the medieval literature of Western Europe, serious writing was usually in Latin, while popular tales, often focusing on love, were composed in the vernacular and came to be called "romances".

عينات

Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages, and between Latin and each of them, are apparent from the following examples having the same meaning:

English: She always closes the window before she dines.

Latin	(Ea) semper antequam cenat fenestram claudit.
Aragonese	(Ella) zarra siempre a finestra antes de cenar.
Aromanian	(Ea/Nâsa) încljidi/nkidi totna firida ninti di tsinâ.
Asturian	(Ella) pieslla siempres la ventana enantes de cenar.
Bergamasque	(Lé) la sèra sèmper sö la finèstra prima de senà.
Bolognese	(Lî) la sèra sänper la fnèstra prémma ed dsnèr.
Catalan	(Ella) sempre tanca la finestra abans de sopar.
Corsican	(Ella/Edda) chjode sempre u purtellu nanzu di cenà.
Emilian	(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr.
Extremaduran	(Ella) afecha siempri la ventana antis de cenal.
Franco-Provençal	(Le) sarre toltin/tojor la fenétra avan de goutâ/dinar/sopar.
French	Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner/souper.
Friulan	(Jê) e siere simpri il barcon prin di cenâ.
Galician	(Ela) pecha/fecha sempre a fiestra/xanela antes de cear.
Italian	(Ella/Lei) chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare.
Judaeo-Spanish	Eya serra syempre la ventana antes de senar.
Ladin	(Ëra) stlüj dagnora la finestra impröma de cenè. (badiot) (Ëila) stluj for l viere dan maië da cëina (gherdëina)
Leonese	(Eilla) pecha siempre la ventana primeiru de cenare.
Ligurian	(Le) a saera sempre u barcun primma de cenà.
Magoua	(Elle) à fàrm toujour là fnèt àvan k'à manj.
Mauritian Creole	Li touzur pou ferm lafnet avan (li) manze.
Milanese	(Le) la sara semper sü la finestra prima de disnà.
Mirandese	(Eilha) cerra siempre la bentana/jinela atrás de jantar.
Mozarabic	Ella cloudet sempre la fainestra abante da cenare. (reconstructed)
Neapolitan	Essa nzerra sempe 'a fenesta primma 'e magnà.
Norman	Lli barre tréjous la crouésie devaunt de daîner.
Occitan	(Ela) barra sempre/totjorn la fenèstra abans de sopar.
Picard	Ale frunme tojours l’ creusèe édvint éd souper.
Piedmontese	Chila a sara sèmper la fnestra dnans ëd fé sin-a/dnans ëd siné.
Portuguese	Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar/cear.
Romanian	Ea închide totdeauna fereastra înainte de cinare.
Romansh	Ella clauda/serra adina la fanestra avant ch'ella tschainia.
Sardinian	Issa sèrrat sémper/sémpri sa bentàna innantis de chenàre/cenài.
Sassarese	Edda sarra sempri lu balchoni primma di zinà.
Sicilian	Idda chiui sempri la finestra prima di pistiari/manciari.
Spanish	(Ella) siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar.
Umbrian	Essa chjude sempre la finestra prima de cena'.
Venetian	Eła ła sara/sera sempre ła fenestra vanti de xenàr/disnar.
Walloon	Ele sere todi li finiesse divant di soper.

التاريخ

اللاتينية السوقية

سقوط الامبراطورية الرومانية الغربية

الرومانس المبكر

Over the course of the fourth to eighth centuries AD, Vulgar Latin, by this time highly dialectalized, broke up into discrete languages that were no longer mutually intelligible.^:5 Clear evidence of Latin change comes from the Reichenau Glosses, an eighth-century compilation of about 1,200 words from the fourth-century Latin Vulgate Bible (St. Jerome) that were no longer understandable along with their eighth-century equivalents in proto-Franco-Provençal. The following are some examples with reflexes in several modern, closely related Romance languages for comparison:

الوضع المعاصر

The Romance language most widely spoken natively today is Spanish (Castilian), followed by Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan, all of which are official languages in at least one country. A few other languages have official status on a regional or otherwise limited level, for instance Friulan, Sardinian and Franco-Provençal in Italy; Romansh in Switzerland; and Galician in Spain.

French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of the European Union. Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan are the official languages of the Latin Union; and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the United Nations.

التصنيف واللغات المتعلقة

The classification of the Romance languages is inherently difficult, since most of the linguistic area can be considered a dialect continuum, and in some cases political biases can come into play. Along with Latin (which is not included among the Romance languages) and a few extinct languages of ancient Italy, they make up the Italic branch of the Indo-European family.

التقسيمات المقترحة

Verbal morphology

Verbs have many conjugations, including in most languages:

• A present tense, a preterite, an imperfect, a pluperfect, a future tense and a future perfect in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.
• Present and preterite subjunctive tenses, for hypothetical or uncertain conditions. Several languages (for example, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish) have also imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives, although it is not unusual to have just one subjunctive equivalent for preterit and imperfect (e.g. no unique subjunctive equivalent in Italian of the so-called passato remoto). Portuguese, and until recently Spanish, also have future and future perfect subjunctives, which have no equivalent in Latin.
• An imperative mood, for direct commands.
• Three non-finite forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.
• Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an impersonal passive voice.
• Note that, although these categories are largely inherited from Classical Latin, many of the forms are either newly constructed or inherited from different categories (e.g. the Romance imperfect subjunctive most commonly is derived from the Latin pluperfect subjunctive, while the Romance pluperfect subjunctive is derived from a new present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb placed in the imperfect subjunctive).

Several tenses and aspects, especially of the indicative mood, have been preserved with little change in most languages, as shown in the following table for the Latin verb dīcere (to say), and its descendants.

	Infinitive	Indicative			Subjunctive	Imperative
		Present	Preterite	Imperfect	Present	Present
Latin	dīcere	dīcit	dīxit	dicēbat	dīcat/dīcet	dīc
Aragonese	dicir	diz	dició	deciba/diciba	diga	diz
Asturian	dicir	diz	dixo	dicía	diga	di
Catalan	dir	diu/dit	digué/va dir/dit	deia	digui/diga	digues
Corsican	dì	dice/dici	disse/dissi	dicia	dica/dichi	dì
Emilian	dîr	dîs	l'à détt / dgé	dgeva	dégga	dì
Franco-Provençal	dire	di	dè	djéve	dijisse/dzéze	dète
French	dire1	dit	dit	disait	dise	dis
Galician	dicir	di	dixo	dicía	diga	di
Italian	di(ce)re	dice	disse	diceva	dica	dì
Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)	dezir	dize	disho	dezía	diga	dezí
Leonese	dicire	diz	dixu	dicía	diga	di
Milanese	dì	dis	ha dit	diseva	diga	dì
Mirandese	dir	diś	à dit	dgiva	diga	dì
Neapolitan	dicere	dice	dicette	diceva	diche	dije
Occitan	díser/dire	ditz	diguèt	disiá	diga	diga
Picard	dire	dit	–	disoait	diche	–
Piedmontese	dì	dis	dìsser2, l'ha dit	disìa	disa	dis
Portuguese	dizer	diz	disse	dizia	diga	diz3
Romanian	a zice, zicere4	zice	zise	zicea	zică	zi
Romansh	dir	di	ha ditg	discheva5	dia	di
Sardinian	nàrrer6	nàrat	at naràdu	naraìat/nàbat	nérzat/nìet	nàra
Sicilian	dìciri	dici	dissi	dicìa	dica7	dici
Spanish	decir	dice	dijo	decía	diga	di
Venetian	dir	dise	–	disea	diga	dì/disi
Walloon	dire	dit	a dit	dijheut	dixhe	di
Basic meaning	to say	he says	he said	he was saying	he says	say [thou]

مقارنة معجمية

انظر أيضاً

• Latins
• Legacy of the Roman Empire
• Italo-Celtic
• Romance studies

الهامش

وصلات خارجية

• Brill, 2008, 826pp. (part available freely online)
• edd. Holtus / Metzeltin / Schmitt
• , Oviedo, 2004
• Orbis Latinus, site on Romance languages
• Hugh Wilkinson's papers on Romance Languages
• Spanish is a Romance language, but what does that have to do with the type of romance between lovers?, dictionary.com
• Comparative Grammar of the Romance Languages
• Comparison of the computer terms in Romance languages