ڤويڤوديات پولندا

Voivodeships of Poland; Województwa Polski (Polish)
التصنيف	Unitary state
المسقط	Republic of Poland
العدد	16 Voivodeships
عدد السكان	1,044,346 (Opole) – 5,164,612 (Masovian)
المساحة	9,413 kم2 (3,634.2 ميل2) (Opole) - 35,580 kم2 (13,737 ميل2) (Masovian)
الحكومة	Voivodeship government, National government
التقسيمات	Powiat

الڤويڤودية (województwo ؛ [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ]؛ وجمعها: województwa) هي التقسيم الاداري الأعلى في پولندا، وتناظر "محافظة" في الكثير من الدول الأخرى. مصطلح "ڤويڤودية" يُستعمل منذ القرن 14، وتشيع ترجمته في العربية كـ"محافظة". The word "województwo" is also rendered as "voivodeship" ( //) or a variant spelling.

The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, created sixteen new voivodeships. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975.

Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under 10,000 kم² (3,900 ميل²) (Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 kم² (14,000 ميل²) (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship).

Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (wojewoda), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (marszałek województwa). الڤويڤوديات تنقسم بدورها إلى پوڤيات (مقاطعات) وگمينات (بلدات أوبلديات): انظر التقسيمات الادارية لپولندا.

الڤويڤوديات منذ 1999

خريطة الڤويڤوديات الپولندية منذ 1999 (اختصارات)

السلطات الادارية

Competences and powers at voivodeship level are shared between the voivode (governor), the sejmik (regional assembly) and the marshal. In most cases these institutions are all based in one city, but in Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Voivodeship the voivode's offices are in a different city from those of the executive and the sejmik. Voivodeship capitals are listed in the table below.

الڤويڤود يعيـّنه رئيس الوزراء وهوالممثل المحلي للحكومة المركزية. The voivode acts as the head of central government institutions at regional level (such as the police and fire services, passport offices, and various inspectorates), manages central government property in the region, oversees the functioning of local government, coordinates actions in the field of public safety and environment protection, and exercises special powers in emergencies. The voivode's offices collectively are known as the urząd wojewódzki.

The sejmik is elected every four years, at the same time as the local authorities at powiat and gmina level. It passes bylaws, including the voivodeship's development strategies and budget. It also elects the marszałek and other members of the executive, and holds them to account.

The executive (zarząd województwa), headed by the marszałek drafts the budget and development strategies, implements the resolutions of the sejmik, manages the voivodeship's property, and deals with many aspects of regional policy, including management of European Union funding. The marshal's offices are collectively known as the urząd marszałkowski.

قائمة الڤويڤوديات

**Polish voivodeships since 1999**
Abbr.	Teryt. code	plates	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital cities	Area (km2 )	Population (December 31, 2012)	Pop. per km2
DS	02	D	Lower Silesia	dolnośląskie	Wrocław	19,947	2,914,362	146
KP	04	C	Kuyavia-Pomerania	kujawsko-pomorskie	Bydgoszcz1 , Toruń2	17,972	2,096,404	117
LU	06	L	Lublin	lubelskie	Lublin	25,122	2,165,651	86
LB	08	F	Lubus	lubuskie	Gorzów Wielkopolski1 , Zielona Góra2	13,988	1,023,317	73
LD	10	E	Lódź	łódzkie	Łódź	18,219	2,524,651	139
MA	12	K	Lesser Poland	małopolskie	Kraków	15,183	3,354,077	221
MZ	14	W	Masovia	mazowieckie	Warsaw	35,558	5,301,760	149
OP	16	O	Opole	opolskie	Opole	9,412	1,010,203	107
PK	18	R	Subcarpathia	podkarpackie	Rzeszów	17,846	2,129,951	119
PD	20	B	Podlasie	podlaskie	Białystok	20,187	1,198,690	59
PM	22	G	Pomerania	pomorskie	Gdańsk	18,310	2,290,070	125
SL	24	S	Silesia	śląskie	Katowice	12,333	4,615,870	374
SK	26	T	Holy Cross	świętokrzyskie	Kielce	11,711	1,273,995	109
WN	28	N	Warmia-Masuria	warmińsko-mazurskie	Olsztyn	24,173	1,450,697	60
WP	30	P	Greater Poland	wielkopolskie	پوزنان	29,826	3,462,196	116
ZP	32	Z	West Pomerania	zachodniopomorskie	Szczecin	22,892	1,721,405	75
1 Seat of voivode. 2 Seat of sejmik and marszałek.

خريطة الڤويڤوديات الپولندية (1975–1988).

الڤويڤوديات السابقة

ڤويڤوديات پولندا 1975–1998

Administrative division of Poland between 1979 and 1998 included 49 voivodeships upheld after the establishment of the Third Polish Republic in 1989 for another decade. This reorganization of administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973–1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative division was introduced (49 small voivodeships, and communes). The three smallest voivodeships – Warsaw, Kraków and Łódź – had the special status of municipal voivodeship; the city president (mayor) was also provincial governor.

**Polish voivodeships and separate cities 1975-1998**
Abbr.	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital	Area km2 (1998)	Population (1980)	No. of cities	No. of communes
bp	Biała Podlaska Voivodeship	bialskopodlaskie	Biała Podlaska	5,348	286,400	6	35
bk	Białystok Voivodeship	białostockie	Białystok	10,055	641,100	17	49
bb	Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship	bielskie	Bielsko-Biała	3,704	829,900	18	47
by	Bydgoszcz Voivodeship	bydgoskie	Bydgoszcz	10,349	1,036,000	27	55
ch	Chełm Voivodeship	chełmskie	Chełm	3,865	230,900	4	25
ci	Ciechanów Voivodeship	ciechanowskie	Ciechanów	6,362	405,400	9	45
cz	Częstochowa Voivodeship	częstochowskie	Częstochowa	6,182	747,900	17	49
el	Elbląg Voivodeship	elbląskie	Elbląg	6,103	441,500	15	37
gd	Gdańsk Voivodeship	gdańskie	Gdańsk	7,394	1,333,800	19	43
go	Gorzów Voivodeship	gorzowskie	Gorzów Wielkopolski	8,484	455,400	21	38
jg	Jelenia Góra Voivodeship	jeleniogórskie	Jelenia Góra	4,378	492,600	24	28
kl	Kalisz Voivodeship	kaliskie	Kalisz	6,512	668,000	20	53
ka	Katowice Voivodeship	katowickie	Katowice	6,650	3,733,900	43	46
ki	Kielce Voivodeship	kieleckie	Kielce	9,211	1,068,700	17	69
kn	Konin Voivodeship	konińskie	Konin	5,139	441,200	18	43
ko	Koszalin Voivodeship	koszalińskie	Koszalin	8,470	462,200	17	35
kr	Kraków Voivodeship	krakowskie	Kraków	3,254	1,167,500	10	38
ks	Krosno Voivodeship	krośnieńskie	Krosno	5,702	448,200	12	37
lg	Legnica Voivodeship	legnickie	Legnica	4,037	458,900	11	31
le	Leszno Voivodeship	leszczyńskie	Leszno	4,254	357,600	19	28
lu	Lublin Voivodeship	lubelskie	Lublin	6,793	935,200	16	62
lo	Łomża Voivodeship	łomżyńskie	Łomża	6,684	325,800	12	39
ld	Łódź Voivodeship	łódzkie	Łódź	1523	1,127,800	8	11
ns	Nowy Sącz Voivodeship	nowosądeckie	Nowy Sącz	5,576	628,800	14	41
ol	Olsztyn Voivodeship	olsztyńskie	Olsztyn	12,327	681,400	21	48
op	Opole Voivodeship	opolskie	Opole	8,535	975,000	29	61
os	Ostrołęka Voivodeship	ostrołęckie	Ostrołęka	6,498	371,400	9	38
pi	Piła Voivodeship	pilskie	Piła	8,205	437,100	24	35
pt	Piotrków Voivodeship	piotrkowskie	Piotrków Trybunalski	6,266	604,200	10	51
pl	Płock Voivodeship	płockie	Płock	5,117	496,100	9	44
po	Poznań Voivodeship	poznańskie	پوزنان	8,151	1,237,800	33	57
pr	Przemyśl Voivodeship	przemyskie	Przemyśl	4,437	380,000	9	35
ra	Radom Voivodeship	radomskie	Radom	7,295	702,300	15	61
rz	Rzeszów Voivodeship	rzeszowskie	Rzeszów	4,397	648,900	13	41
se	Siedlce Voivodeship	siedleckie	Siedlce	8,499	616,300	12	66
si	Sieradz Voivodeship	sieradzkie	Sieradz	4,869	392,300	9	40
sk	Skierniewice Voivodeship	skierniewickie	Skierniewice	3,959	396,900	8	36
sl	Słupsk Voivodeship	słupskie	Słupsk	7,453	369,800	11	31
su	Suwałki Voivodeship	suwalskie	Suwałki	10,490	422,600	14	42
sz	Szczecin Voivodeship	szczecińskie	Szczecin	9,981	897,900	29	50
tg	Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship	tarnobrzeskie	Tarnobrzeg	6,283	556,300	14	46
ta	Tarnów Voivodeship	tarnowskie	Tarnów	4,151	607,000	9	41
to	Toruń Voivodeship	toruńskie	Toruń	5,348	610,800	13	41
wb	Wałbrzych Voivodeship	wałbrzyskie	Wałbrzych	4,168	716,100	31	30
wa	Warsaw Voivodeship	warszawskie	Warsaw (Warszawa)	3,788	2,319,100	27	32
wl	Włocławek Voivodeship	włocławskie	Włocławek	4,402	413,400	14	30
wr	Wrocław Voivodeship	wrocławskie	Wrocław	6,287	1,076,200	16	33
za	Zamość Voivodeship	zamojskie	Zamość	6,980	472,100	5	47
zg	Zielona Góra Voivodeship	zielonogórskie	Zielona Góra	8,868	609,200	26	50

Map of Polish voivodeships (1957–1975).

ڤويڤوديات پولندا 1945–1975

After World War II, the new administrative division of the country within the new national borders was based on the prewar one and included 14 (+2) voivodeships, then 17 (+5). The voivodeships in the east that had not been annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged. The newly acquired territories in the west and north were organized into the new voivodeships of Szczecin, Wrocław and Olsztyn, and partly joined to Gdańsk, Katowice and Poznań voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status: Warsaw and Łódź.

In 1950, new voivodeships were created: Koszalin (previously part of Szczecin), Opole (previously part of Katowice), and Zielona Góra (previously part of Poznań, Wrocław and Szczecin voivodeships).

In 1957, three more cities were granted voivodeship status: Wrocław, Kraków and پوزنان.

**Polish administrative division 1945-1975**
لوحات السيارات (منذ 1956)	Voivodeship (Polish name)	Capital	Area in km2 (1965)	Population (1965)
A		Białystok	23,136	1,160,400
B		Bydgoszcz	20,794	1,837,100
G		Gdańsk	10,984	1,352,800
S		Katowice	9,518	3,524,300
C		Kielce	19,498	1,899,100
E	1	Koszalin	17,974	755,100
K		Kraków	15,350	2,127,600
?	Kraków (city)2	Kraków	230	520,100
F		Łódź	17,064	1,665,200
I	Łódź (city)	Łódź	214	744,100
L		Lublin	24,829	1,900,500
O		Olsztyn	20,994	956,600
H	¹	Opole	9,506	1,009,200
P		پوزنان	26,723	2,126,300
?	پوزنان (city)2	پوزنان	220	438,200
R		Rzeszów	18,658	1,692,800
M		Szczecin	12,677	847,600
T		Warsaw	29,369	2,453,000
W	(city)	Warsaw	446	1,252,600
X		Wrocław	18,827	1,967,000
?	Wrocław (city)2	Wrocław	225	474,200
Z	1	Zielona Góra	14,514	847,200
1 New voivodeships created in 1950. 2 مدن انفصلت في 1957.

Map of Polish voivodeships (1921–1939)

Poland's prewar and postwar borders, 1939–1945

ڤويڤوديات پولندا 1921–1939

The administrative division of Poland in the interwar period included 16 voivodeships and Warsaw (with voivodeship rights).

The voivodeships that remained in Poland after World War II as a result of Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 were very similar to the current voivodeships.

**Polish voivodeships in the interbellum (data as per April 1, 1937)**
Car plates (since 1937)	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital city modern name in parentheses	Area in km2 (1930)	Population (1931)
20–24	Białystok	białostockie	Białystok	26,000	1,263,300
25–29	Kielce	kieleckie	Kielce	22,200	2,671,000
30–34	Kraków	krakowskie	Kraków	17,600	2,300,100
35–39	Lublin	lubelskie	Lublin	26,600	2,116,200
40–44	Lwów	lwowskie	Lwów (Lviv)	28,400	3,126,300
45–49	Łódź	łódzkie	Łódź	20,400	2,650,100
50–54	Nowogródek	nowogródzkie	Nowogródek (Navahrudak)	23,000	1,057,200
55–59	Polesie	poleskie	Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest)	36,700	1,132,200
60–64	Pomeranian	pomorskie	Toruń	25,700	1,884,400
65–69	Poznań	poznańskie	پوزنان	28,100	2,339,600
70–74	Stanisławów	stanisławowskie	Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk)	16,900	1,480,300
75–79?	Silesian	śląskie	Katowice	5,100	1,533,500
80–84	Tarnopol	tarnopolskie	Tarnopol (Ternopil)	16,500	1,600,400
85–89	Warsaw (voivodeship)	warszawskie	Warsaw	31,700	2,460,900
00–19	وارسو(مدينة)	Warszawa	وارسو	140	1,179,500
90–94	Wilno	wileńskie	Wilno (Vilnius)	29,000	1,276,000
95–99	Wołyń	wołyńskie	Łuck (Lutsk)	35,700	2,085,600

پولندا الكونگرس 1816–1837

Voivodeships 1816-1820

From 1816 to 1837 there wereثمانية voivodeships in Congress Poland.

Augustów Voivodeship
Kalisz Voivodeship
Kraków Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship
Mazowsze Voivodeship
Płock Voivodeship
Podlasie Voivodeship
Sandomierz Voivodeship

الكومنولث الپولندي-اللتواني 1569–1795

Voivodeships of the Republic ("Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth").

Voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1635

پولندا الكبرى (Wielkopolska)

Poznań Voivodeship (województwo poznańskie، پوزنان)
Kalisz Voivodeship (województwo kaliskie، Kalisz)
Gniezno Voivodeship (województwo gnieźnieńskie، Gniezno) from 1768
Sieradz Voivodeship (województwo sieradzkie، Sieradz)
Łęczyca Voivodeship (województwo łęczyckie، Łęczyca)
Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (województwo brzesko-kujawskie، Brześć Kujawski)
Inowrocław Voivodeship (województwo inowrocławskie، Inowrocław)
Chełmno Voivodeship (województwo chełmińskie، Chełmno)
Malbork Voivodeship (województwo malborskie، Malbork)
Pomeranian Voivodeship (województwo pomorskie، Gdańsk)
Duchy of Warmia (Księstwo Warmińskie، Lidzbark Warmiński)
Duchy of Prussia (Księstwo Pruskie، Królewiec)
Płock Voivodeship (województwo płockie، Płock)
Rawa Voivodeship (województwo rawskie، Rawa Mazowiecka)
Masovian Voivodeship (województwo mazowieckie، Warszawa)

پولندا الصغرى (Małopolska)

Kraków Voivodeship (województwo krakowskie، Kraków)
Sandomierz Voivodeship (województwo sandomierskie، Sandomierz)
Lublin Voivodeship (województwo lubelskie، Lublin)
Podlaskie Voivodeship (województwo podlaskie، Drohiczyn)
Ruthenian Voivodeship (województwo ruskie، Lwów)
Bełz Voivodeship (województwo belzkie، Bełz)
Volhynian Voivodeship (województwo wołyńskie، Łuck)
Podole Voivodeship (województwo podolskie، Kamieniec Podolski)
Bracław Voivodeship (województwo bracławskie، Bracław)
Kijów Voivodeship (województwo kijowskie، Kijów)
Czernihów Voivodeship (województwo czernichowskie، Czernihów)

گراندوقية لتوانيا

Wilno Voivodship (województwo wileńskie، Wilno)
Troki Voivodship (województwo trockie، Troki)
Nowogrodek Voivodship (województwo nowogrodzkie، Nowogródek)
Brest-Litovsk Voivodship (województwo brzesko-litewskie، Brześć Litewski)
Minsk Voivodship (województwo mińskie، Mińsk)
Mscislaw Voivodship (województwo mścisławskie، Mścisław)
Smolensk Voivodship (województwo smoleńskie، Smoleńsk)
Vitebsk Voivodship (województwo witebskie، Witebsk)
Polock Voivodship (województwo połockie، Połock)
Duchy of Samogita (księstwo żmudzkie، Miedniki-Wornie)

دوقية ليڤونيا

Wenden Voivodship (województwo wendeńskie، Wenden) since 1598 till the 1620s
Dorpat Voivodship (województwo dorpackie، Dorpat) since 1598 till the 1620s
Parnawa Voivodship (województwo parnawskie، Parnava) since 1598 till the 1620s
Inflanty Voivodeship (województwo inflanckie Dyneburg) since the 1620s
Duchy of Courland and Semigalia (księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii), Mitawa)

أصل حدثة "ڤويڤودية" واستخداماتها

Some English-language sources, in historic contexts, speak of "palatinates" rather than "voivodeships". The term "palatinate" traces back to the Latin palatinus ("palatine").

More commonly used now is "province" or "voivodeship". The latter is a loanword-calque hybrid formed on the Polish "województwo".

Some writers argue against rendering "województwo" in English as "province" on historic grounds. Before the Third and last Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred in 1795, each of the main constituent Regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Lithuania, and Royal Prussia—was sometimes idiosyncratically referred to as a "Province" ("prowincyja"). According to the argument, a "Province" (such as Greater Poland) cannot consist of a number of subdivisions ("województwa", the plural of "województwo") that are likewise called "provinces". However, this is an antiquarian consideration, since "province" has not been used in this sense in Poland for over two centuries, and in any case the former larger political units—all now obsolete—can be referred to in English as "Regions" (which, in English parlance, is what they were).

The Polish "województwo", designating a second-tier Polish or Polish–Lithuanian administrative unit, derives from "wojewoda" (etymologically, a "warlord", "war leader" or "leader of warriors", but now simply the governor of a województwo) and the suffix "-ztwo" (a "state or condition").

The English "voivodeship", which is a hybrid of the loanword "voivode" and "-ship" (the latter a suffix that calques the Polish suffix "-ztwo"), has never been much used and is absent from many dictionaries. According to the Oxford English Dictionary، it first appeared in 1792, spelled "woiwodship", in the sense of "the district or province governed by a voivode." The word subsequently appeared in 1886 also in the sense of "the office or dignity of a voivode."

Poland's Commission on Standardization of Geographic Names outside the Republic of Poland, recommends the spelling "voivodship", without the e.[1] [2] [3]

الهامش

^
The word "voivodeship", as an equivalent for "województwo", appears in some large English dictionaries such as the OED and Webster's Third New International Dictionary but is not in common الإنگليزية usage. Hence the word "province" is a recommended translation: "Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows: województwo—province..."). Arkadiusz Belczyk, ("Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. Examples: New Provinces of Poland (1998), Map of Poland, English names of Polish provinces. المزيد من الأمثلة:
- "Following the reform of the administrative structure in 1973-1975, the number of provinces (województwa) was increased from 22 to 49... [I]ncreasing the number of provinces meant the reduction of each in size. In this way Warsaw was able to dilute the political importance of the provincial party chiefs." "Poland", The Encyclopedia Americana، 1986, volume 22, p. 312.
- "Poland is divided into 49 provinces." "Poland", The Columbia Encyclopedia، sixth edition, edited by Paul Lagassé, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 2256.
- "Local government in Poland is organized on three levels. The largest units, at the regional level, are the województwa (provinces)..." "Poland", Encyclopaedia Britannica، 15th edition, 2010, Macropaedia، volume 25, p. 937.
- "GOVERNMENT... Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular–wojewodztwo)..." "Poland," in Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook 2010، New York, Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2009, ISBN 9781602397279, p. 546. The same information appears in the current online --> "Poland --> Administrative divisions". Note that in this source, where "English translations" of province names are given, they are in the noun ("Silesia"), not the adjective ("Silesian"), form.
- Professor Paul Best, of Southern Connecticut State University, writes: "[I]n standard dictionaries the Polish word [województwo] is translated as 'province.'" Paul Best, review of Bogdan Horbal, Lemko Studies: A Handbook (2010), in The Polish Review، vol. 58, no. أربعة (2013), pp. 125–26.
^ Alternate English renderings include "voivodship," "voievodship," "voievodeship" and "woiwodship".
^ "Voivodeship," The Oxford English Dictionary، second edition, volume XIX, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 739.

المراجع

"Poland", Encyclopaedia Britannica، 15th edition, 2010, Macropaedia، volume 25, p. 937.
"Poland", The Columbia Encyclopedia، sixth edition, edited by Paul Lagassé, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 2256.
"Poland", The Encyclopedia Americana، 1986, volume 22, p. 312.
"Poland," in Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook 2010، New York, Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2009, ISBN 9781602397279, p. 546.
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وصلات خارجية

Map of Polish Regions
Administrative division of Poland (from Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside Poland website, in English)
Official map by Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography
Regions of Poland
Toponymic Guidelines Of Poland for Map Editors and Other Users Head Office Of Geodesy And Cartography, 2002
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