حروب السمينول

حروب السمينول
	جزء من American Indian Wars
	; A U.S. Marine boat expedition searching the Everglades during the Second Seminole War
التاريخ	1816–1858
المسقط	Pensacola, Spanish Florida, Georgia, Florida
النتيجة	Military Stalemate 1816: 1st Seminole War begins; الولايات المتحدة attacks Seminole forts and settlements in northern Spanish Florida.; 1819: Spain agrees to cede Florida to the U.S.; transfer occurs in 1821.; 1823: Seminoles moved to central Florida per Treaty of Moultrie Creek.; 1835: 2nd Seminole War begins; Seminoles forcibly resist removal to Indian Territory.Raids and skirmishes take place throughout Florida.; 1842: Most Seminoles leave or are killed by early 1840s; some remain in southwest Florida.; 1855: 3rd Seminole War begins; consists mainly of small raids.; 1858: By late 1850s, most Seminoles forced to to leave; a few hundred remain deep in the Everglades on land unwanted by white settlers;
الخصوم
الولايات المتحدة	Seminole; Choctaw; Freedmen; إسپانيا (1816–1819); United Kingdom (1816–1819)
القادة والزعماء
Andrew Jackson (1816-19, 1835-37); Martin Van Buren (1837-41); William Henry Harrison (1841); John Tyler (1841-42); Duncan Lamont Clinch; Edmund P. Gaines,; Winfield Scott (1836); Thomas Jesup (1836-38), ; Richard Gentry † (1837); David Moniac † (1836), ; Francis Langhorne Dade † (1835),; Zachary Taylor (1838-40),; Walker Keith Armistead (1840-41); William J. Worth (1841-42); Franklin Pierce (1856-57); James Buchanan (1857–1858); William S. Harney	Alexander Arbuthnot †; Robert Ambrister †; Josiah Francis †; Homathlemico †; Osceola; John Horse; Billy Bowlegs
القوات
Peak: 40,000 Expeditionary: 8,000	1,500
الخسائر
1,500-2,000	heavy

نطقب:Campaignbox Seminole Wars

The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole, a Native American tribe that formed in Florida in the early 18th century, and the United States Army. Taken together, the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive (both in human and monetary terms) of the Indian Wars in United States history.

The First Seminole War (c. 1816–1819) began with General Andrew Jackson's excursions into West Florida and Spanish Florida against the Seminoles after the conclusion of the War of 1812. The governments of Great Britain and Spain both expressed outrage over the "invasion". However, Spain was unable to defend its territory, and the Spanish Crown later agreed to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. According to the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823, the Seminoles were required to leave northern Florida and were confined to a large reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula. The U.S. government enforced the treaty by building a series of forts and trading posts in the territory, mainly along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.
The Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was the result of the United States government attempting to force the Seminoles to leave Florida altogether as described in the Treaty of Payne's Landing of 1832, which Seminole leaders claimed that they signed under duress. Raids and skirmishes and a handful of larger battles raged throughout the Florida peninsula, with the outgunned and outnumbered Seminoles effectively using guerrilla warfare to frustrate the ever more numerous American military forces. In October 1836, Thomas Sidney Jesup is sent to Florida. Jesup, the commander of U.S. troops in Florida, begins a search-and-destroy campaign against the Seminoles. This drives them deeper into the Everglades. After several years spent chasing bands of Seminole warriors through the wilderness, the U.S. Army changed tactics and began seeking out and destroying Seminole farms and villages, a strategy which eventually changed the course of the war. The war resulted in most of the Seminole population in Florida being killed in battle, ravaged by starvation and disease, or relocated to Indian Territory (in modern Oklahoma). A few hundred Seminoles were allowed to remain in an unofficial reservation in southwest Florida.
The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) was again the result of Seminoles responding to settlers and U.S. Army scouting parties encroaching on their lands, perhaps deliberately to provoke a violent response that would result in the removal of the last of the Seminoles from Florida. After an army surveying crew found and destroyed a Seminole plantation west of the Everglades in December 1855, Chief Billy Bowlegs led a raid near Fort Myers, setting off a conflict which consisted mainly of raids and reprisals, with no large battles fought. American forces again strove to destroy the Seminoles' food supply, and in 1858, most of the remaining Seminoles, weary of war and facing starvation, agreed to be shipped to Oklahoma in exchange for promises of safe passage and cash payments to their chiefs. An estimated 400 Seminoles still refused to leave and retreated deep into the Everglades to live on land that was unwanted by white settlers.

Notes

^ Kohn, George Childs (2004). . United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN . Retrieved July 17, 2017. The Seminole Wars were the only Indian War U.S. forces did not win.
^ Kohn, George Childs (2004). . United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN . Retrieved 22 January 2011.
^ Bluhm, Raymond K. "Seminole Wars". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 17, 2017. As many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed in this prolonged fighting, which cost the government between $40,000,000 and $60,000,000. Only after Osceola’s capture while parleying under a flag of truce did Indian resistance decline. With peace, most Seminoles agreed to emigrate. The Third Seminole War (1855–58) resulted from renewed efforts to track down the Seminole remnant remaining in Florida. It caused little bloodshed and ended with the United States paying the most resistant band of refugees to go West.
^ Kohn, George Childs (2004). . United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN . Retrieved July 17, 2017.
^ Kohn, George Childs (2004). . United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN . Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Bluhm, Raymond K. "Seminole Wars". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 18, 2017. As many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed in this prolonged fighting, which cost the government between $40,000,000 and $60,000,000. Only after Osceola’s capture while parleying under a flag of truce did Indian resistance decline. With peace, most Seminoles agreed to emigrate. The Third Seminole War (1855–58) resulted from renewed efforts to track down the Seminole remnant remaining in Florida. It caused little bloodshed and ended with the United States paying the most resistant band of refugees to go West.
^ Landers, Jane (2010). Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions. London: Harvard University Press. p. 193.
^ "Seminole Wars | United States history". Encyclopædia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-08-03.

References and bibliography

Belko, William S. ed. America's Hundred Years' War: U.S. Expansion to the Gulf Coast and the Fate of the Seminole, 1763–1858 (University Press of Florida; 2011) 279 pages; studies of strategy, operations, and tactics in the Second Seminole War (1835–42)
Buker, George E. 1975. Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835–1842. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida.
Collier, Ellen C. 1993. Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798–1993. at Naval Historical Center – URL retrieved October 22, 2006.
Covington, James W. 1993. The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1196-5.
. October 22, 2006.
Higgs, Robert. 2005. "Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful": The U.S. Takeover of West Florida. at The Independent Institute – URL retrieved October 22, 2006.
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen. (1930) Edited by Grant Foreman. A Traveler in Indian Territory: The Journal of Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Late Major-General in the United States Army. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch.
. – Archived URL retrieved May 9, 2008.
Knetsch, Joe. 2003. Florida's Seminole Wars: 1817–1858. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2424-7.
Lacey, Michael O., Maj. 2002. "Military Commissions: A Historical Survey". The Army Lawyer, March, 2002. Department of the Army Pam. 27-50-350. P. 42. at The Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army – URL retrieved May 9, 2008.
Mahon, John K. 1967. History of the Second Seminole War. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
Milanich, Jerald T. 1995. Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.
Missall, John and Mary Lou Missall. 2004. The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2715-2.
Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army. 2001. Chapter 7: "The Thirty Years' Peace". American Military History. P. 153.
Officers of 1-5 FA. 1999. 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Unit History. P. 17. at – URL retrieved October 22, 2006.
Rosen, Deborah A. Border Law: The First Seminole War and American Nationhood. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.
Sugden, John (January 1982). "The Southern Indians in the War of 1812: The Closing Phase". Florida Historical Quarterly.
Tebeau, Charlton W. 1971. A history of Florida, Coral Gables, Florida, University of Miami Press. ISBN 0-87024-149-4.
U.S. Army National Infantry Museum, "Indian Wars", U.S. Army Infantry Home Page
Viele, John. 1996. The Florida Keys: A History of the Pioneers, Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56164-101-4.
Vocelle, James T. 1914. History of Camden County, Georgia, Camden Printing Company
Weisman, Brent Richards. 1999. Unconquered People. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1662-2.
Major John C. White, Jr., "American Military Strategy In The Second Seminole War", 1995, Global Security Website. Quote: "The greatest lesson of the Second Seminole War shows how a government can lose public support for a war that has simply lasted for too long. As the Army became more deeply involved in the conflict, as the government sent more troops into the theater, and as the public saw more money appropriated for the war, people began to lose their interest. Jesup's capture of Osceola, and the treachery he used to get him, turned public sentiment against the Army. The use of blood hounds only created more hostility in the halls of Congress. It did not matter to the American people that some of Jesup's deceptive practices helped him achieve success militarily. The public viewed his actions so negatively that he had undermined the political goals of the government."
Letter Concerning the Outbreak of Hostilities in the Third Seminole War, 1856, from the State Library and Archives of Florida.
"Tour of the Florida Territory during the Seminole (Florida) Wars, 1792-1859", from Jacob K. Neff, The Army and Navy of America, Philadelphia: J.H. Pearsol and Co., 1845. "Quote: "The Florida war consisted in the killing of Indians, because they refused to leave their native home—to hunt them amid the forests and swamps, from which they frequently issued to attack the intruders. To go or not to go, that was the question. Many a brave man lost his life and now sleeps beneath the sod of Florida. And yet neither these nor the heroes who exposed themselves there to so many dangers and suffer[ings], could acquire any military glory in such a war."
"Seminole Wars", Tampa Bay History Center
"State-funded library", July 17, 2017.

وصلات خارجية

Seminole Wars Foundation, Inc.
Black Seminoles and the Second Seminole War: 1832-1838
Klos, George (1991). "Blacks and Seminoles" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine (2). pp. 12–5 – via HistoryMiami.
Buck and Ball at A History of Central Florida Podcast
Camp Recovery historical marker in Bainbridge, Georgia
Fort Hughes historical marker

نطقب:Seminole

Coordinates:

^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070625073619/http://www.riley.army.mil/view/document.asp?ID=346-2005-03-17-34369-3#search=%22%22First%20Seminole%20War%22%20%20site%3A.mil%22