The Tupolev Tu-154 (بالروسية: Tyполев Ту-154; NATO reporting name: Careless) is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. A workhorse of Soviet and (subsequently) Russian airlines for several decades, it carried half of all passengers flown by Aeroflot and its subsidiaries (137.5 million/year or 243.8 billion passenger km in 1990), remaining the standard domestic-route airliner of Russia and former Soviet states until the mid-2000s. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as head-of-state transport by the air forces of several countries.

With a cruising speed of 975 كيلومتر في الساعة (606 ميل/س), the Tu-154 is one of the fastest civilian aircraft in use and has a range of 5,280 kiloمترs (3,280 ميل). Capable of operating from unpaved and gravel airfields with only basic facilities, it was widely used in the extreme Arctic conditions of Russia's northern/eastern regions where other airliners were unable to operate. Originally designed for a 45,000 hr service life (18,000 cycles) but capable of 80,000 hrs with upgrades, it is expected to continue in service until 2016, although noise regulations have restricted flights to western Europe and other regions.

In January 2010, Russian flag carrier Aeroflot announced the retirement of its Tu-154 fleet after 40 years, with the last scheduled flight being Aeroflot Flight 736 from Ekaterinburg to Moscow on 31 December 2009.

Since 1968 there have been 39 fatal incidents involving the Tu-154, most of which were caused either by factors unrelated to the aircraft, or by its extensive use in demanding conditions.

Development

The Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflot's requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, the Antonov An-10 and the Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. The requirements called for either a payload capacity of 16–18 طن متري (35,000–40,000 رطل) with a range of 2,850–4,000 kiloمترs (1,770–2,490 ميل) while cruising at 900 كم/س (560 ميل/س), or a payload of 5.8 طن متري (13,000 رطل) with a range of 5,800–7,000 kiloمترs (3,600–4,300 ميل) while cruising at 850 كم/س (530 ميل/س). A take-off distance of 2,600 مترs (8,500 قدم) at maximum take-off weight was also stipulated as a requirement. Conceptually similar to the British Hawker Siddeley Trident, which first flew in 1962, and the American Boeing 727, which first flew in 1963, the medium-range Tu-154 was marketed by Tupolev at the same time as Ilyushin was marketing the long-range Ilyushin Il-62. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154 as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design and best met Aeroflot's anticipated requirements for the 1970s and 1980s.

The first project chief was Sergey Yeger; in 1964, Dmitryi S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975, the project lead role was turned over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt.

Operators

Current operators

As of December 2016, there are 49 Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft of all variants still in civil or military service. The remaining operators are:

As of 20 February 2011, in Iran, all the remaining numbers of the Tu-154 were grounded after two recent incidents.

Former operators

Former civil operators

Afghanistan

• Ariana Afghan Airlines

ألبانيا

• Albanian Airlines

 أرمنيا

• Armenian Airlines

أذربيجان

• Azerbaijan Airlines
• Turan Air

 بلاروس

• Belavia

 البوسنة والهرسك

• B&H Airlines

 بلغاريا

• Air Via
• Balkan Bulgarian Airlines
• BH Air
• Bulgarian Air Charter
• Government of Bulgaria
• Hemus Air

 الصين

• Civil Aviation Administration of China
• China Northwest Airlines
• China Southwest Airlines
• China United Airlines
• China Xinjiang Airlines
• Sichuan Airlines

 كوبا

• Cubana

 التشيك

• CSA Czech Airlines
• Government of Czech Republic

 تشيكوسلوفاكيا

• CSA Czechoslovak Airlines
• Government of Czechoslovakia

 جيبوتي

• Daallo Airlines

 مصر

• EgyptAir

 جورجيا

• Air Georgia
• Transair Georgia

المجر

• Malev Hungarian Airlines
• Pannon Airlines

إيران

• Bon Air
• Caspian Airlines
• HESA (Operating Armita Labs that are Tu-154 converted to flying laboratories)
• Iran Air Tours
• Kish Air
• Mahan Air
• Taban Air

 قزخستان

• Aeroservice Kazakhstan
• Atyrau Airways
• Kaz Air Trans
• Kazakhstan Airlines
• Sayakhat Airlines

 قيرغيزستان

• Air Kyrgyzstan
• Air Manas
• Kyrgyzstan Airlines

 ليبيا

• Libyan Arab Airlines

 مقدونيا

• Avioimpex
• Macedonian Air Service
• MAT Macedonian Airlines

 مولدوڤا

• Aerocom
• Air Moldova

 منغوليا

• MIAT Mongolian Airlines

 نيكاراگوا

• Aeronica

 پاكستان

• Pakistan International Airlines
• Shaheen Air

 بولندا

• LOT Polish Airlines

 رومانيا

• Government of Romania
• TAROM

 روسيا

• Abakan-Avia
• Aeroflot
• Aero Rent
• Airlines 400
• ALAK (airline)
• Aviaenergo
• Avial (airline)
• Aviaprad
• Baikal Airlines
• BAL Bashkirian Airlines
• Bural
• Chernomor Avia
• Continental Airways
• Donavia
• Enkor
• Jet-2000
• KD Avia
• Kogalymavia (Metrojet)
• KrasAir
• Kuban Airlines
• Mavial Magadan Airlines
• Nordavia
• Omskavia
• Orenair
• Perm Airlines
• Polet Airlines
• Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise
• Rossiya
• Russian Sky Airlines
• Sayany Airlines
• S7 Airlines
• Sakha Avia
• Samara Airlines
• Sibaviatrans
• Tatarstan Airlines
• Ural Airlines
• UTair Aviation
• VIM Airlines
• Vladivostok Air
• Vnukovo Airlines
• Yakutia Airlines

سلوفاكيا

• Slovak Airlines

 الصومال

• Air Somalia

سوريا

• Syrianair

 طاجيكستان

• Tajik Air

 هجريا

• Active Air
• Greenair
• Holiday Airlines

 أوكرانيا

• Air Ukraine
• Odessa Airlines

أوزبكستان

• Uzbekistan Airways

 اليمن

• Alyemda

Former military operators

 أرمنيا

Armenian Air Force

 بلغاريا

Bulgarian Air Force One 154B retired 1988; one 154M retired April 2010, replaced by A319 CFM

 كوبا

Cuban Air Force

 تشيكوسلوفاكيا

Czechoslovak Air Force (passed on to successor states)

التشيك

Czech Air Force (replaced by Airbus A319CJ)

 ألمانيا الشرقية

East German Air Force (passed on to FRG)

 ألمانيا

German Air Force (taken over from East Germany; 1 lost in mid-air collision, the other one sold)

 منغوليا

Mongolian Air Force

 بولندا

Polish Air Force – 1 Tu-154M was retired in 2011, 1 Tu-154M crashed in 2010.

 الاتحاد السوڤيتي

Soviet Air Force (passed on to successor states)

ترکمنستان

Military of Turkmenistan – 2 Tu-154B-2 retired

 أوكرانيا

Ukrainian Air Force

أوزبكستان

Military of Uzbekistan

Incidents and accidents

Between 1970 and January 2011 there have been 110 serious incidents involving the Tu-154, and 69 hull losses, 30 of which did not involve fatalities. Of the fatal incidents, five resulted from terrorist or military action (two other war-time losses were non fatal), several from poor runway conditions in winter (including one in which the airplane struck snow plows on the runway), cargo overloading in the lapse of post-Soviet federal safety standards, and mid-air collisions due to faulty air traffic control. Other incidents resulted from mechanical problems (two cases prior to 2001), running out of fuel on unscheduled routes, pilot errors (including inadequate flight training for new crews), and cargo fires; several accidents remain unexplained.

List

Preserved aircraft

• CCCP-85020 (cn 71A020) at State Aviation Museum
• CCCP-85040 (cn 73A-040) Early versions of Tu-154. Preserved at Kryvyj Rih - Aviation Institute
• EW-85581 (cn 83A-581) Tu-154B-2 preserved on the grounds of Minsk National Airport in Belarus.

Specifications

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In popular culture

• Tu-154's interior and exterior as the most common airliner appeared in many Soviet and Russian films.
• Air Crew is the 1979 action film revolving around the exploits of a Soviet Tu-154 crew on an international flight, the first Soviet film in the disaster genre.

See also

• S-duct
• The Überlingen collision between BAL Bashkirian Airlines and a DHL cargo plane
  

تطورات ذات صلة

• Tupolev Tu-155
• Tupolev Tu-204
  

طائرات شبيهة

• Boeing 727
• Hawker Siddeley Trident
• Yakovlev Yak-42
  

قوائم ذات صلة

• List of jet airliners
• List of airliners
  

المراجع

Citations

Bibliography

• Dmitriy Komissarov, Tupolev Tu-154, The USSR's Medium-Range Jet Airliner, (Hinckley, UK, 2007) ISBN 1857802411
• Yefin Gordon and Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev, A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft, translated by Alexander Boyd, edited by Dmitriy Komissarov (Hinckley, UK, 2005) ISBN 1-85780-214-4

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Tupolev Tu-154.

• Image of Tu-154 flight-deck
• Chinese surveillance/ELINT version of TU-154M
• BBC: Tu-154: The backbone of Russian fleets
• magazine