گالريوس
| گالريوس Galerius | |||||
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Porphyry bust of Galerius
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| العهد | 1 مارس أو21 مايو293 – 1 مايو305 (كقيصر، تحت ديوكلتيانوس) 1 مايو305 – أواخر أبريل أوبداية مايو311 (كاوگسطس إلى جانب كونستانتيوس (حتى 25 يوليو306) ثم Severus (حتى ربيع 307) ثم قسطنطين (من ح. سبتمبر 307; غير معترف به من قبل عملة گالريوس من ح. سبتمبر 307 حتى نوفمبر 308) ثم ليكينيوس (من 11 نوفمبر 308)) |
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| سبقه | ماكسيميان وديوكلتيانوس | ||||
| تبعه | ماكسيمينوس، قسطنطين، وليكينيوس | ||||
| Born |
ca. 260 Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) |
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| Died | أواخر أبريل أوبداية مايو311 (العمر 51) Serdica (صوفيا), بلغاريا |
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| Burial |
Serdica أوFelix Romuliana (Gamzigrad) |
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| Spouse | Galeria Valeria | ||||
| Issue | Candidianus | ||||
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| الأم | Romula (alleged) | ||||
گالريوس (باللاتينية: Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus) (ح. 260 – أبريل أومايو311)، كان امبراطور روماني في الفترة من (305 - 311). خلال فترة حكمه قاد حملة ضد الامبراطورية الساسانية بمساعدة ديوكليتيان وعزل عاصمتهم (المدائن) في عام 299. وقام بحملة أخرى ضد الكارپي عبر نهر الدانوب وهزمهم في عام 297 و300.على الرغم من أنه كان من أشد المعارضين للمسيحية إلا أنه أنهى اضطهاد ديوكليتيان للمسيحيين عندما أصدر مرسوما للتسامح في عام 311.;
حياته المبكرة
في عام 293 عين الامبراطوران الرومانيان ديوكليتيان وماكسيميان كونستانتيوس كلوروس وگالريوس كقياصرة، وبذلك بدأ الحكم الثلاثي.
الحرب مع فارس
Invasion, counterinvasion
Detail of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki, Greece, the city where Galerius carried out most of his administrative actions.
مفاوضات السلام
Detail of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki.
اضطهاد المسيحيين
الحكم كاوگسطس
وفاته
اتهامات مضادة للرومان
انظر أيضا
- Arch and Tomb of Galerius
- Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324)
المصادر
المصادر القديمة
- Codex Theodosianus.
- Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Epitome de Caesaribus.
- Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Eusebius of Caesarea.
-
- Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History).
- McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
- Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Festus. Breviarium.
- Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Lactantius. De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).
- Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyrics).
- Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
- Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).
- Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009.
المصادر الحديثة
- Banchich, Thomas M. "Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
- Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
- Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
- Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–38. Leiden: Brill, 2002. ISBN 90-04-12259-1
- Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
- Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-631-22138-7
- Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies 47:1 (1996): 157–158.
- Canduci, Alexander. Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9, 2010. ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
- Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X
- Corcoran, "سبقه Constantine", Simon. "سبقه Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Galerius (305–311 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
- Gibbon, Edward, ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, Chapter 14
- Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6
- Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
- Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
- Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
- Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
- Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 AD.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
- Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
- Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
- Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
- Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
- Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
- Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-23944-3
- Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ISBN 978-0-19-814231-7
- Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
- Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8
الهوامش
- ^ This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.
الاستشهادات
- ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Barnes, New Empire.
- ^ Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay.
- ^ Southern, Severus to Constantine.
- ^ Williams, Diocletian.
- ^ The earlier dates for Galerius' appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide (Barnes 1981, 8–9; Southern 1999, 146). Barnes (1982, 62) argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston, Dioclétien, 88ff., stating that the evidence adduced (the Paschal Chronicle 521 = Chronica Minora 1.229 and Lactantius, DMP 19.2) is invalid and confused. Lactantius is commenting on Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed, and that the "Maximianus" in the text is therefore a later gloss; the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt, and may simply be commenting on the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria. Potter (2004, 650) agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false, but believes that Seston's other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars' acclamations.
- ^ Barnes, New Empire, p. 4.
- ^ Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22 نطقب:Ref-la
- ^ Lactantius, DMP 35.4. The exact date is lost in a lacuna (Barnes 1982, 6).
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBarnes, New Empire, p. 37 - ^ In Classical Latin, Galerius' name would be inscribed as GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS.
- ^ Canduci, Triumph & Tragedy.
- ^ Roger Pearse, "". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Galerius. |
- Medieval Sourcebook: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
- Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
- " chapter XXIII & XXVII
- Catholic Encyclopedia
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گالريوس
Constantinian dynasty
وُلِد: 250 توفي: April or May 311
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| ألقاب ملكية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه ديوكلتيانوس، ماكسيميان |
Roman Emperor 305 (Caesar from 293)–311 خدم بجانب: كونستانتيوس كلوروس, قسطنطين الأول، Licinius، ماكسيمينوس |
تبعه Constantine I, Licinius وماكسيمينوس |
| مناصب سياسية | ||
| سبقه ديوكلتيانوس, ماكسيميان |
Consul of the Roman Empire 294 مع كونستانتيوس كلوروس |
تبعه Nummius Tuscus , Gaius Annius Anullinus |
| سبقه ديوكلتيانوس, كونستانتيوس كلوروس |
Consul of the Roman Empire 297 مع ماكسيميان |
تبعه Anicius Faustus Paulinus , Virius Gallus |
| سبقه ديوكلتيانوس, ماكسيميان |
Consul of the Roman Empire 300 مع كونستانتيوس كلوروس |
تبعه Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus , Virius Nepotianus |
| سبقه Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus , Virius Nepotianus |
Consul of the Roman Empire 302 مع كونستانتيوس كلوروس |
تبعه ديوكلتيانوس , ماكسيميان |
| سبقه ديوكلتيانوس , ماكسيميان |
Consul of the Roman Empire 305–308 مع كونستانتيوس كلوروس, ماكسيميان , Constantine I, Flavius Valerius Severus, ماكسيمينوس دايا, ديوكلتيانوس , Maxentius, Valerius Romulus |
تبعه Licinius , Constantine I, Maxentius, Valerius Romulus |
| سبقه Tatius Andronicus , Pompeius Probus, Maxentius |
Consul of the Roman Empire 311 مع ماكسيمينوس دايا , Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus, Aradius Rufinus |
تبعه قسطنطين الأول , Licinius, Maxentius |
