جمهورية نوڤگورود
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جمهورية نوڤگورود أوروس النوڤگورودية (روسية: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, النطق Novgorodskaya respublika; النطق الروسي: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]؛ Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę، أرض نوڤگورود؛ بالإنگليزية: Novgorod Republic) كانت دولة قروسطية سلاڤية شرقية من القرن 12 إلى القرن 15، ممتدة من بحر البلطيق إلى شمال جبال الأورال، بما في ذلك مدينة نوڤگورود ومناطق بحيرة لادوگا في روسيا المعاصرة. وكان مواطنوها يشيرون إلى مدينتهم-الدولة بإسم "صاحب الجلالة (أوسيادة) لورد نوڤگورود الأكبر" (Gosudař Gospodin Velikij Novgorod)، أوكثيراً ما كانوا يسمونها "اللورد نوڤگورود الأكبر" (Gospodin Velikij Novgorod). ازدهرت الجمهورية كالجزء الأقصى شرقاً في العصبة الهانزية.
التاريخ
الحكم
بريشة Vasily Khudyakov
الاقتصاد
بريشة Apollinary Vasnetsov.
العلاقات الخارجية
أثناء فترة روس الكييڤية, Novgorod was a trade hub at the northern end of both the Volga trade route and the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks" along the Dnieper river system. A vast array of goods were transported along these routes and exchanged with local Novgorod merchants and other traders. The merchants of Gotland retained the Gothic Court trading house well into the 12th century. Later German merchantmen also established tradinghouses in Novgorod. Scandinavian royalty would intermarry with Russian princes and princesses.
هانزا، والسويد والنظام الليڤوني
After the great schism, Novgorod struggled from the beginning of the 13th century against Swedish, Danish, and German crusaders. During the الحروب السويدية النوڤگورودية, the Swedes invaded lands where some of the population had earlier دفعت الجزية لنوڤگورود. The Germans had been trying to conquer the Baltic region since the late 12th century. Novgorod went to war 26 times with Sweden and 11 times with the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The German knights, along with Danish and Swedish feudal lords, launched a series of uncoordinated attacks in 1240-1242. Novgorodian sources mention that a Swedish army was defeated in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The Baltic German campaigns ended in failure after the Battle on the Ice in 1242. After the foundation of the castle of ڤيبورگ in 1293 the Swedes gained a foothold in كارليا. On August 12, 1323, Sweden and Novgorod signed the Treaty of Nöteborg, regulating their border for the first time.
الغزوالمنغولي وأعقابه
تمكنت جمهورية نوڤگورود من تفادي أهوال الغزوالمنغولي لأنها كانت الإمارة الروسية الوحيدة التي خضعت للمنغول قبل الغزووسلمياً. Instead being formally conquered, the Republic paid a large bribe to Subutai in 1241, agreed to become a vassal, and later began to pay tribute to the خانات القبيل المضىي. في 1259، وصل جباة الضرائب وموظفي الإحصاء المنغول إلى المدينة، مما أشعل اضطرابات سياسية دفعت ألكسندر نيڤسكي إلى معاقبة عدد من مسئولي البلدات (بجدع أنوفهم) لعصيانهم إياه كالأمير الأكبر لڤلاديمير (وسرعان ما سيصبح جابي ضرائب الخان في روسيا) and his Mongol overlords. In the 14th century, raids by Novgorod pirates, or ushkuiniki, sowed fear as far as قازان وأستراخان، assisting Novgorod in wars with Muscovy.
سقوط الجمهورية
Tver, Muscovy, and Lithuania fought over control of Novgorod and its enormous wealth from the 14th century. Upon becoming the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver sent his governors to Novgorod. A series of disagreements with Mikhail pushed Novgorod towards closer ties with Muscovy during the reign of Grand Prince George. In part, Tver's proximity (the Tver Principality is contiguous with the Novgorodian Land) threatened Novgorod. It was feared that a Tverite prince would annex Novgorodian lands and thus weaken the Republic. At the time, though, Muscovy did not touch Novgorod, and since the Muscovite princes were further afield, they were more acceptable as princes of Novgorod. They could come to Novgorod's aid when needed but would be too far away to meddle too much in the Republic's affairs.
أمير نوڤگورود
انظر أيضاً
- جمهورية پسكوڤ
- Stepan Tverdislavich
الهامش
- ^ Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015), 441.
- ^ Janet Martin, “Les Uškujniki de Novgorod: Marchands ou Pirates.” Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique 16 (1975): 5-18.
وصلات خارجية
- Infoplease: Novgorod History
- The fall of Great Novgorod
- Swedish Viking role in Novgorod
نطقب:Principalities of Kievan Rus
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