اللاتينية القديمة

Old Latin
	Archaic Latin
	Prisca Latinitas
	Duenos inscription، أحد أقدم نصوص اللاتينية القديمة
موطنها	الجمهورية الرومانية
المنطقة	إيطاليا
الحقبة	Developed into Classical Latin during the 1st century BC
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Italic Latino-Faliscan اللاتينية Old Latin; ; ; ;
نظام الكتابة	Latin alphabet
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	روما
ينظمها	Schools of grammar and rhetoric
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Linguist List	qbb
Glottolog	oldl1238
	Expansion of the Roman Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the green area, and other languages were spoken even within it.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

اللاتينية القديمة بالإنجليزية Old Latin ، هي اللغة اللاتينية في الفترة التي سبقت اللاتينية الكلاسيكية، وهي اللاتينية التي كانت قبل 75 ق.م.. (In New and Contemporary Latin, this language is called prisca Latinitas ("ancient Latin") rather than vetus Latina ("old Latin"), as vetus Latina is used to refer to a set of Biblical texts written in Late Latin.) It is ultimately descended from the Proto-Italic language.

The use of "old", "early" and "archaic" has been standard in publications of Old Latin writings since at least the 18th century. The definition is not arbitrary, but the terms refer to writings with spelling conventions and word forms not generally found in works written under the Roman Empire. This article presents some of the major differences.

The earliest known specimen of the Latin language appears on the Praeneste fibula. A new analysis performed in 2011 declared it to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" and dating from the Orientalizing period, in the first half of the seventh century BC.

البنى حسب فقه اللغة

لغة العصور القديمة

The concept of Old Latin (Prisca Latinitas) is as old as the concept of Classical Latin, both dating to at least as early as the late Roman Republic. In that period Cicero, along with others, noted that the language he used every day, presumably the upper-class city Latin, included lexical items and phrases that were heirlooms from a previous time, which he called verborum vetustas prisca, translated as "the old age/time of language".

During the classical period, Prisca Latinitas, Prisca Latina and other idioms using the adjective always meant these remnants of a previous language, which, in the Roman philology, was taken to be much older in fact than it really was. Viri prisci, "old-time men", were the population of Latium قبل تأسيس روما.

اللغات اللاتينية الأربع لإيزيدور

In the Late Latin period, when Classical Latin was behind them, the Latin- and Greek-speaking grammarians were faced with multiple phases, or styles, within the language. Isidore of Seville reports a classification scheme that had come into existence in or before his time: "the four Latins" ("Latinas autem linguas quattuor esse quidam dixerunt"). They were Prisca, spoken before the founding of Rome, when Janus and Saturn ruled Latium, to which he dated the Carmen Saliare; Latina, dated from the time of king Latinus, in which period he placed the laws of the Twelve Tables; Romana, essentially equal to Classical Latin; and Mixta, "mixed" Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin, which is known today as Late Latin. The scheme persisted with little change for some thousand years after Isidore.

جسد اللغة

The Praeneste Fibula, the earliest known specimen of the Latin language and dated to the first half of the seventh century BC.

The Forum inscription (Lapis Niger, "black stone"), one of the oldest known Latin inscriptions, from the 6th century BC; it is written boustrophedon, albeit irregularly; from a rubbing by Domenico Comparetti.

Old Latin authored works began in the 3rd century BC. These are complete or nearly complete works under their own name surviving as manuscripts copied from other manuscripts in whatever script was current at the time. In addition are fragments of works quoted in other authors.

الأصوات

Diphthong changes from Old Latin (left) to Classical Latin (right)

أمثلة

Notable Old Latin fragments still in existence include:

The Forum inscription (illustration, right) (حوالي 550 BC)
The Duenos inscription (حوالي 500 BC)
The Castor-Pollux dedication (حوالي 500 BC)
The Garigliano Bowl (حوالي 500 BC)
The preserved fragments of the laws of the Twelve Tables (traditionally, 449 BC, attested much later)
The Tibur pedestal (حوالي 400 BC)
The Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC)
The Lapis Satricanus
The Vase Inscription from Ardea
The Corcolle Altar fragments
The Carmen Arvale
The Carmen Saliare
The Scipionum Elogia

النحووالصوتيات (الإختلافات عن اللاتينية الكلاسيكية)

الأسماء

أول إنحراف (a)

The 'A-Stem Declension'. Nouns of this declension usually end in -a and are typically feminine.

	puella, –aī girl, maiden f.
	Singular	الجمع
Nominative	puella	puellai
Genitive	puellās/-es/-aī	puellōm/ -āsom
Dative	puellai	puellaīs/-eīs/ -abos
Accusative	puellam	puellā
Ablative	puellād	puellaīs/-eīs/ -abos
Vocative	puella	puellai
Locative	puellā	puellaīs/-eīs

حرف الإنحراف الثاني (b)

The 'O-Stem Declension'. Nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.

	campos, –oī field, plain m.		saxom, –oī rock, stone n.
	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع
Nominative	campos	campoī	saxom	saxa
Genitive	campoī	campōm/ -ōsom	saxoī	saxōm/ -ōsom
Dative	campoī	campoīs	saxoī	saxoīs
Accusative	campom	campōs	saxom	saxa
Ablative	campōd	campoīs	saxōd	saxoīs/ -oes
Vocative	campe	campoī	saxe	saxoī
Locative	campō	campoīs	saxō	saxoīs/ -oes

Note the genitive plural ending has two endings: the earlier -ōm, almost exactly like the Ancient Greek -ōn, and the later Archaic Latin form -ōsom. Due to the fact that in Archaic Latin /r/'s and /s/'s were often interchangeable, a phenomenon known as rhotacism, the later -ōsom evolved into the Classical Latin -ōrum.

حرف الإنحراف الثالث (c)

The 'E-Stem ' and 'I-Stem ' Declension. This declension contains nouns that are masculine, feminine, and neuter.

	Regs –es ملك مذكـّر
	المفرد	الجمع
Nominative	regs	reges
Genitive	regis	regōm
Dative	regei	regebos
Accusative	regem	reges
Ablative	regeid	regebos
Vocative	regs	reges
Locative	regei	regebos

The nominative as regs instead of rex shows a common feature in Old Latin; the letter x was seldom used alone to designate the /ks/ or /gs/ sound, but instead, written as either 'ks', 'cs', or even 'xs'.

الضمائر الشخصية

Personal pronouns are among the most common thing found in Old Latin inscriptions. Note how in all three persons, the ablative singular ending is identical to the accusative singular.

	Ego, I	Tu, You	Suī, Himself, Herself, Etc.
Nominative	ego	tu	-
Genitive	mis	tis	sei
Dative	mihei, mehei	tibei	sibei
Accusative	mēd	tēd	sēd
Ablative	mēd	tēd	sēd
	الجمع
Nominative	nōs	vōs	-
Genitive	nostrōm, -ōrum, -i	vostrōm, -ōrum, -i	sei
Dative	nōbeis, nis	vōbeis	sibei
Accusative	nōs	vōs	sēd
Ablative	nōbeis, nis	vōbeis	sēd

الضمير النسبي

In Old Latin, the relative pronoun is also another common concept, especially in inscriptions. Unfortunately, the forms are quite inconsistent and leave much to be reconstructed by scholars.

queī, quaī, quod who, what
	المذكر	المؤنث	المحايد
Nominative	queī	quaī	quod
Genitive	quoius, quoios	quoia	quoium, quoiom
Dative	quoī, queī, quoieī, queī
Accusative	quem	quam	quod
Ablative	quī, quōd	quād	quōd
	الجمع
Nominative	ques, queis	quaī	qua
Genitive	quōm, quōrom	quōm, quārom	quōm, quōrom
Dative	queis, quīs
Accusative	quōs	quās	quōs
Ablative	queis, quīs

الأفعال

المضارع القديم والتام

There is not much actual proof of the inflection of Old Latin verb forms and the few carvings we have hold many inconsistencies between forms. Therefore, the forms below are ones that are both proven by scholars through Old Latin carvings, and recreated by scholars based on other early Indo-European languages such as Greek, Oscan, Umbrian, and other Italic dialects.

	Indicative Present: Sum				Indicative Present: Facio
	Old		Classical		Old		Classical
	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع
First Person	som, esom	somos, sumos	sum	sumus	fac(e/ī)o	fac(e)imos	faciō	facimus
Second Person	es	esteīs	es	estis	fac(e/ī)s	fac(e/ī)teis	facis	facitis
Third Person	est	sont	est	sunt	fac(e/ī)d/-(e/i)t	fac(e/ī)ont	facit	faciunt

	Indicative Perfect: Sum				Indicative Perfect: Facio
	Old		Classical		Old		Classical
	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع	المفرد	الجمع
First Person	fuei	fuemos	fuī	fuimus	(fe)fecei	(fe)fecemos	fēcī	fēcimus
Second Person	fuistei	fuisteīs	fuistī	fuistis	(fe)fecistei	(fe)fecisteis	fēcistī	fēcistis
Third Person	fued/fuit	fueront/-erom	fuit	fuērunt	(fe)feced/-et	(fe)feceront/-erom	fēcit	fēcērunt

انظر أيضا

لاتينية كلاسيكية

وصلات خارجية

Old Latin Inscriptions

المصادر

^ نطقب:Glottolog
^ "Archaic Latin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
^ Maras, Daniele F. (Winter 2012). "Scientists declare the Fibula Praenestina and its inscription to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" (PDF). Etruscan News. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012.
^ Maras, Daniele Federico. ". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ De Oratoribus, I.193.
^ Book IX.1.6.

[Glottolog-1] نطقب:Glottolog

[2] "Archaic Latin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.

[maras-3] Maras, Daniele F. (Winter 2012). "Scientists declare the Fibula Praenestina and its inscription to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" (PDF). Etruscan News. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012.

[4] Maras, Daniele Federico. ". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[5] De Oratoribus, I.193.

[6] Book IX.1.6.

Old Latin
Archaic Latin
Prisca Latinitas
Duenos inscription، أحد أقدم نصوص اللاتينية القديمة
موطنها	الجمهورية الرومانية
المنطقة	إيطاليا
الحقبة	Developed into Classical Latin during the 1st century BC
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Italic Latino-Faliscan اللاتينية Old Latin
نظام الكتابة	Latin alphabet
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	روما
ينظمها	Schools of grammar and rhetoric
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	None (`mis`)
Linguist List	`qbb`
Glottolog	`oldl1238`
Expansion of the Roman Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the green area, and other languages were spoken even within it.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.