توبوليف تو-104

النوع

طائرة خطوط

بلد الأصل

روسيا

الصانع

توبوليف

سنة الصنع

1956:1960

الكمية المصنوعة

200

طورت من

توبوليف تو-16

سيرة طائرة

دخول الخدمة

15 سبتمبر 1956

أول طيران

17 يونيو1955

انتهاء الخدمة

1986

الوضع الحالي

متقاعدة

المستخدم الأساسي

إيروفلوت

توبوليف تو-104 (تعريف الناتو: جمل) كانت طائرة تجارية توربينية ثنائية المحرك متوسطة المدي. وهي أول طائرة تجارية توربينية ناحجة عالميا. بالرغم من أنها كانت رابع طائرة تجارية يتم إطلاقها، إلا أنها كانت الثانية في دخول الخدمة العامة (مع إيروفلوت) والأولى التي تقدم خدمة ناجحة ومستمرة. بين عامي 1956 و1958 كانت تو-104 هي طائرة الركاب النفاثة الوحيدة في الخدمة.

Former operators

CSA Czechoslovak Airlines Tupolev Tu-104A at Arlanda Airport in 1971.

تشيكوسلوڤاكيا

CSA Czechoslovak Airlines – Six aircraft.
Czechoslovakian Air Force

منغوليا

Military of Mongolia

الاتحاد السوڤيتي

Aeroflot
Soviet Air Force

Accidents and incidents

According to the American Flight Safety Foundation, between 1958 and 1981, 16 Tu-104s were lost in crashes out of 37 aircraft written off (hull loss rate = 18%) with a total of 1140 fatalities.

Date	Tail number	Aircraft type	Location	Casualties	Description
19 February 1958	CCCP-Л5414	Tu-104	Savasleyka	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/3	Force-landed short of the runway after running out of fuel following a diversion.
15 August 1958	CCCP-Л5442	Tu-104A	Chita	&&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064/64	Aeroflot Flight 4 stalled, spun down and crashed after entering an updraft at 12,000 م (39,000 قدم).
17 October 1958	CCCP-42362	Tu-104A	Kanash	&&&&&&&&&&&&&080.&&&&&080/80	A flight carrying high-level delegations crashed when it entered a dive and crashed after entering an updraft at 12,000 م (39,000 قدم). The Tu-104 was limited to 9,000 م (30,000 قدم) and the tail modified in the wake of this accident.
20 October 1960	CCCP-42452	Tu-104A	Ust-Orda	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03/68	Aeroflot Flight 5 struck sloping terrain and crashed while the pilot was checking the landing lights.
1 February 1961	CCCP-42357	Tu-104A	Vladivostok	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Overran runway after landing too late.
16 March 1961	CCCP-42438	Tu-104B	near Koltsovo	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07/51	Aeroflot Flight 68 force-landed on a frozen pond following double engine failure. Two people on the ground also died when a house was struck by the aircraft.
10 July 1961	CCCP-42447	Tu-104B	Odessa	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01/94	Aeroflot Flight 381 crashed after entering downdrafts while landing in bad weather.
17 September 1961	CCCP-42388	Tu-104A	Tashkent	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Heavy landing; written off.
2 November 1961	CCCP-42504	Tu-104B	Vladivostok	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Struck a radio antenna while on approach and force-landed in a field following engine failure.
4 June 1962	CCCP-42491	Tu-104B	Sofia	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05/5	Struck a mountain following engine failure.
30 June 1962	CCCP-42370	Tu-104A	Krasnoyarsk Krai	&&&&&&&&&&&&&084.&&&&&084/84	Aeroflot Flight 902 crashed after it was accidentally shot down by a missile.
3 September 1962	CCCP-42366	Tu-104A	Khabarovsk	&&&&&&&&&&&&&086.&&&&&086/86	Aeroflot Flight 3 lost control at 4,500 م (14,800 قدم) while climbing. Although the cause was not determined, issues with the autopilot were blamed. An accidental shoot-down by a missile was also theorized.
25 October 1962	CCCP-42495	Tu-104B	Sheremetyevo	&&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011/11	Crashed on takeoff during a test flight due to cross-connected rudder controls.
16 March 1963	OK-LDB	Tu-104A	Santa Cruz Airport	غير معروف	Caught fire while being refueled.
18 May 1963	CCCP-42483	Tu-104B	Leningrad	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Stalled on approach and crashed.
13 July 1963	CCCP-42492	Tu-104B	near Irkutsk Airport	&&&&&&&&&&&&&033.&&&&&033/35	Aeroflot Flight 12 crashed short of the runway due to incorrect instrument readings. Water entered the instrument wiring, causing a short circuit.
9 June 1964	CCCP-42476	Tu-104B	Novosibirsk	غير معروف	Overshot runway in heavy rain during second landing attempt.
28 April 1969	CCCP-42436	Tu-104B	Irkutsk	غير معروف	Landed 600 م (2,000 قدم) short of runway; written off.
1 June 1970	OK-NDD	Tu-104A	Tripoli	&&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&013/13	Crashed short of the runway after the pilot attempted an approach to runway 36.
25 July 1971	CCCP-42405	Tu-104B	Irkutsk	&&&&&&&&&&&&&097.&&&&&097/126	Aeroflot Flight 1912 landed 150 م (490 قدم) short of the runway; breaking off the left wing. The aircraft rolled to the left and caught fire.
10 October 1971	CCCP-42490	Tu-104B	Vnukovo	&&&&&&&&&&&&&025.&&&&&025/25	Aeroflot Flight 773 crashed shortly after takeoff after an explosion occurred while climbing through 1,200 م (3,900 قدم). The explosion damaged the fuselage and destroyed flight controls. Control was lost and the aircraft rolled right and entered a descent until it struck the ground. The explosion was caused by a bomb placed between the cabin wall and a passenger seat in the rear of the cabin near frame 45.
19 March 1972	CCCP-42408	Tu-104B	Omsk	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Struck a snow wall short of the runway during the fifth landing attempt.
24 April 1973	CCCP-42505	Tu-104B	Leningrad	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02/57	Hijacked by a passenger who demanded to be taken to Sweden. The crew returned to Leningrad. While the landing gear was lowered, the hijacker set off a bomb, killing himself and the flight engineer. The bomb blew a hole in the fuselage, but the aircraft was able to land safely.
18 May 1973	СССР-42379	Tu-104B	Buryat ASSR	&&&&&&&&&&&&&082.&&&&&082/82	Aeroflot Flight 109 was hijacked by a passenger who demanded to be taken to China. A bomb that the hijacker had put on board the aircraft detonated at 30,000 قدم (9,100 م) and the aircraft lost control and crashed east of Lake Baikal.
29 August 1973	OK-MDE	Tu-104A	Nicosia	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/70	CSA Flight 531 veered off the runway after landing after the pilot failed to stop the aircraft in time. The wreckage remains at the airport site to this day.
30 September 1973	CCCP-42506	Tu-104B	Sverdlovsk	&&&&&&&&&&&&0108.&&&&&0108/108	Aeroflot Flight 3932 crashed shortly after takeoff due to a power failure of the artificial horizons.
13 October 1973	CCCP-42486	Tu-104B	Domodedovo	&&&&&&&&&&&&0122.&&&&&0122/122	Aeroflot Flight 964 crashed while on approach following a power failure to the compass system and main gyros and resulting loss of control. The crash is the worst involving the Tu-104.
7 December 1973	CCCP-42503	Tu-104B	near Moscow	&&&&&&&&&&&&&016.&&&&&016/75	Aeroflot Flight 964 crashed after a wing struck the ground after coming in too fast.
5 November 1974	CCCP-42501	Tu-104B	Chita	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Overran the runway on landing and came to rest against a railway embankment.
30 August 1975	CCCP-42472	Tu-104B	Tolmachevo Airport	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Right landing gear collapsed following a heavy landing.
9 February 1976	CCCP-42327	Tu-104A	Irkutsk	&&&&&&&&&&&&&024.&&&&&024/115	Aeroflot Flight 3739 crashed after banking to the right while climbing for takeoff and entering a descent. Debris from the aircraft struck a North Korean Tu-154 that had just landed. Although the official cause of the accident was loss of control caused by crosswinds, improper fueling (too much fuel on one side) and pilot error were also theorized.
17 July 1976	CCCP-42335	Tu-104A	Chita Airport	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00	Failed to take off and crashed due to overloading.
28 November 1976	CCCP-42471	Tu-104B	near Sheremetyevo	&&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072/72	Aeroflot Flight 2415 lost control and crashed following artificial horizon failure and resulting crew disorientation.
1976	CCCP-42371	Tu-104A	Borispol Airport	غير معروف	Crashed short of the runway after the engines were shut down in flight.
13 January 1977	CCCP-42369	Tu-104A	Alma-Ata	&&&&&&&&&&&&&096.&&&&&096/96	Aeroflot Flight 3843 exploded in mid-air due to an engine fire.
17 March 1979	CCCP-42444	Tu-104B	near Moscow	&&&&&&&&&&&&&058.&&&&&058/119	While operating as Aeroflot Flight 1691, the crew encountered a false fire alarm from engine during takeoff and turned back to Vnukovo. The plane crashed while attempting to return to the airport. Aeroflot removed the Tu-104 from service following this accident.
7 February 1981	CCCP-42332	Tu-104A	Pushkin	&&&&&&&&&&&&&051.&&&&&051/51	Soviet Navy flight; failed to take off due to shifting cargo. All military Tu-104's were grounded following this accident.

Wreckage of the Czechoslovak Airlines Tupolev Tu-104 (OK-MDE) near Nicosia airport (2015)

Specifications (Tu-104B)

البيانات من Gordon and Rigmant

السمات العامة

الطاقم: seven
الحمولة: 50–115 passengers
الطول: 40.05 m (131 ftخمسة in)
بحر الجناحين: 34.54 m (113 ft أربعة in)
الارتفاع: 11.90 m (39 ft 0 in)
الباع مساحة: 184 m² (1,975 ft²)
الوزن الفارغ: 43,800 kg (96,560 lb)
الوزن القائم: 78,100 kg (172,180 lb)
المحرك: 2 × Mikulin AM-3M-500 turbojets, 95.1 kN (21,400 lbf) each

الأداء

أقصى سرعة: 950 km/h (513 knots, 590 mph)
سرعة التحليق: 800 km/h (432 knots, 497 mph)
النطاق: 2,750 km (1,485 nm, 1,709 mi)
سقف الخدمة: 12,000 m (39,370 ft)
معدل التسلق:عشرة m/s (1,969 ft/min)

المراجع

^ Tu 104 statistics
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А МУТА ГВФ в 215 км от а/п Хабаровск" [Accident Tu-104 215 km from Khabarovsk Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного управления ГВФ близ аэр. Усть-Орда" [Accident Tu-104 near Ust-Orda] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б ЗС УГВФ в Свердловске" [Accident Tu-104 Sverdlovsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Северного управления ГВФ в а/п Одессы" [Accident Tu-104 Odessa Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного управления ГВФ близ Хабаровска" [Accident Tu-104 near Khabarovsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Восточно-Сибирского управления ГВФ в районе Иркутска" [Accident Tu-104 near Irkutsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Толмачевского ОАО в а/п Иркутс" [Accident Tu-104 Irkutsk Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Взрыв на борту Ту-104Б Украинского УГА близ аэропорта Внуково" [Explosion on Tu-104 near Vnukovo] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Бортовой №: CCCP-42505". Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Взрыв на борту и катастрофа Ту-104А Восточно-Сибирского УГА в районе Читы" [Explosion on Tu-104 Chita region] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Грузинского УГА в а/п Домодедово" [Accident Tu-104 Domodedovo Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А ВС УГА в Иркутске" [Accident Tu-104 Irkutsk] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104Б Ленинградского ОАО в районе а/п Шереметьево" [Accident Tu-104 Sheremetyevo/Leningrad area] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ "Катастрофа Ту-104А Дальневосточного УГА в районе а/п Алма-Ата" [Accident Tu-104 near Alma-Ata Airport] (in Russian). airdisaster.ru. Retrieved 2015-12-28.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ نطقب:ASN accident
^ Yefim Gordon and Vladimir Rigmant Tupolev Tu-104: Aeroflot's first jet; 2007 ; translated by Dimitriy Komissarov; ISBN 978-1-85780-265-8; Midland Publishing / Ian Allen Publishing Ltd, UK
^ http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/acdata_php/acdata_tu104_en.php