لوكهيد إسآر-71 بلاكبيرد
SR-71 "Blackbird" | |
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An SR-71B trainer over the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California in 1994. The raised second cockpit is for the instructor. | |
الدور | Strategic reconnaissance aircraft |
الصانع | Lockheed, Skunk Works division |
المصمم | Clarence "Kelly" Johnson |
أول تحليق | 22 December 1964 |
التقديم | 1966 |
أحيلت للتقاعد | 1999 (NASA) |
المستخدم الرئيسي |
United States Air Force NASA |
العدد المنتج | 32 |
تطورت من | Lockheed A-12 |
لوكهيد إسآر-71 بلاكبيرد Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" كانت طائرة استطلاع استراتيجية متقدمة، بسرعة 3+ ماخ، بعيدة المدى. It was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft in the 1960s by Lockheed and its Skunk Works division. Clarence "Kelly" Johnson was responsible for many of the design's innovative concepts. During reconnaissance missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes to allow it to outrace threats. If a surface-to-air missile launch was detected, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate and outfly the missile.
The SR-71 served with the U.S. Air Force from 1964 to 1998. A total of 32 aircraft were built; 12 were lost in accidents, but none lost to enemy action. The SR-71 has been given several nicknames, including Blackbird and Habu. Since 1976, it has held the world record for the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, a record previously held by the YF-12.
التصميم
استعراض عام
الشكل وتفادي المخاطر
مداخل الهواء
المحركات
تاريخ التشغيل
أرقام قياسية
The SR-71 was the world's fastest and highest-flying operational manned aircraft throughout its career. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, broke the world record: an "absolute altitude record" of 85,069 قدم (25,929 م). Several aircraft have exceeded this altitude in zoom climbs, but not in sustained flight. That same day SR-71, serial number 61-7958, set an absolute speed record of 1,905.81 عقدةs (2,193.2 ميل/س; 3,529.6 كم/س), approximately Mach 3.3.
The SR-71 also holds the "Speed Over a Recognized Course" record for flying from New York to London—distance 3,508 ميلs (5,646 kم), 1,435.587 ميل في الساعة (2,310.353 كم/س), and an elapsed time of 1 hour 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds—set on 1 September 1974 while flown by U.S. Air Force Pilot Maj. James V. Sullivan and Maj. Noel F. Widdifield, reconnaissance systems officer (RSO). This equates to an average velocity of about Mach 2.68, including deceleration for in-flight refueling. Peak speeds during this flight were likely closer to the declassified top speed of Mach 3.2+. For comparison, the best commercial Concorde flight time was 2 hours 52 minutes and the Boeing 747 averagesستة hours 15 minutes.
المواصفات (SR-71A)
البيانات من Pace
السمات العامة
- الطاقم: 2 (Pilot and Reconnaissance Systems Officer)
- الحمولة: 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of sensors
- الطول: 107 ftخمسة in (32.74 m)
- بحر الجناحين: 55 ftسبعة in (16.94 m)
- الارتفاع: 18 ftستة in (5.64 m)
- الباع مساحة: 1,800 ft2 (170 m2)
- الوزن الفارغ: 67,500 lb (30,600 kg)
- الوزن القائم: 152,000 lb (69,000 kg)
- أقصى وزن اقلاع: 172,000 lb (78,000 kg)
- المحرك: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J58-1 continuous-bleed afterburning turbojets, 34,000 lbf (151 kN) each
- Wheel track: 16 قدم 8 بوصة (5.08 م)
- Wheelbase: 37 قدم 10 بوصة (11.53 م)
- Aspect ratio: 1.7
الأداء
- أقصى سرعة: Mach 3.3 (2,200+ mph, 3,540+ km/h, 1,910+ knots) at 80,000 قدم (24,000 م)
- النطاق: 2,900 nmi (5,400 km)
- نطاق السفر: 3,200 nmi (5,925 km)
- سقف الخدمة: 85,000 ft (25,900 m)
- معدل التسلق: 11820 ft/m (60 m/s)
- تحميل الجناح: 84 lb/ft² (410 kg/m²)
- الدفع/الوزن الأدنى: 0.44
انظر أيضاً
- Aircraft in fiction#SR-71 Blackbird
- Linear Aerospike SR-71 Experiment
- Measurement and Signature Intelligence
-
Peripheral vision horizon display, an instrument that was originally specifically developed for the SR-71.
تطورات ذات صلة
- Lockheed A-12
- Lockheed YF-12
-
Lockheed D-21
طائرات شبيهة
- Bristol 188
-
Tsybin RSR
قوائم ذات صلة
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of Lockheed aircraft
-
List of United States Air Force reconnaissance aircraft
الهامش
تذييل
- ^ Maximum speed limit was Mach 3.2, but could be raised to Mach 3.3 if the engine compressor inlet temperature did not exceed 801 °ف (427 °م).
ملاحظات
- ^ "SR-71 Blackbird." lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 14 March 2010.
- ^ "SR71 Blackbird." PBS documentary, Aired: 15 November 2006.
- ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 98, 100–101.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةPace_p126-7
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةCrickmore p64
- ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, p. 78.
- ^ Pace 2004, p. 159.
- ^ "Records: Sub-class : C-1 (Landplanes) Group 3: turbo-jet." records.fai.org. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Shul and Watson 1993, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Altitude record
- ^ A-12, YF-12A, & SR-71 Timeline of Events
- ^ "Blackbird Records." sr-71.org. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
- ^ Pace 2004, p. 110.
- ^ Graham 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Graham 2002, pp. 93, 223.
ببليوگرافيا
- "A Bittersweet and Fancy Flight." Philadelphia Inquirer,سبعة March 1990, p. 1.
- Crickmore, Paul F. "Blackbirds in the Cold War". Air International, January 2009, pp. 30–38. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
- Crickmore, Paul F. "Lockheed's Blackbirds – A-12, YF-12 and SR-71A". Wings of Fame, Volume 8, 1997, pp. 30–93. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-008-X.
- Donald, David, ed. "Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71". Black Jets. AIRtime, 2003. ISBN 1-880588-67-6.
- Goodall, James. Lockheed's SR-71 "Blackbird" Family. Hinckley, UK: Aerofax/Midland Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85780-138-5.
- Graham, Richard H. North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1142-0.
- Graham, Richard H. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7603-0122-7.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. Lockheed Secret Projects: Inside the Skunk Works. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7603-0914-8.
- Johnson, C.L. Kelly: More Than My Share of it All. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87474-491-1.
- Landis, Tony R. and Dennis R. Jenkins. Lockheed Blackbirds. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Specialty Press, revised edition, 2005. ISBN 1-58007-086-8.
- McIninch, Thomas. "The Oxcart Story". Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 July 1996. Retrieved:عشرة April 2009.
- Merlin, Peter W. From Archangel to Senior Crown: Design and Development of the Blackbird., Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2008. ISBN 978-1-56347-933-5.
- Merlin, Peter W. "The Truth is Out There... SR-71 Serials and Designations". Air Enthusiast, No. 118, July/August 2005. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing, pp. 2–6. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Pace, Steve. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Swindon, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. ISBN 1-86126-697-9.
- Remak, Jeannette and Joe Ventolo, Jr. A-12 Blackbird Declassified. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1000-9.
- Rich, Ben R. and Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994. ISBN 0-316-74330-5.
- Shul, Brian and Sheila Kathleen O'Grady. Sled Driver: Flying the World's Fastest Jet. Marysville, California: Gallery One, 1994. ISBN 0-929823-08-7.
- Shul, Brian and Walter Watson, Jr. The Untouchables. Chico, California: Mach 1, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-929823-12-5.
- Suhler, Paul A. From RAINBOW to GUSTO: Stealth and the Design of the Lockheed Blackbird (Library of Flight Series) . Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2009. ISBN 978-1-60086-712-5.
مصادر اضافية
- Brandt, Steven A., Randall J. Stiles and John J. Bertin. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2004, pp. 141–150. ISBN 1-56347-701-7.
- Brown, Kevin V. "America's SuperSecret Spy Plane." Popular Mechanics, June 1968, pp. 59–62, 190.
- Clarkson, Jeremy. I Know You Got Soul. London: Penguin Books Limited, 2006. ISBN 0-14-102292-2.
- Crickmore, Paul F. . Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-84176-694-1.
- Crickmore, Paul and Jim Laurier. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-84603-319-5.
- Darwall, Bjarne. Luftens Dirigenter(Air Conductors) (in Swedish). Nässjö, Sweden: Air Historic Research AB, 2004. ISBN 91-973892-6-9.
- Goodall, James and Jay Miller. "Lockheed's SR-71 'Blackbird' Family A-12, F-12, M-21, D-21, SR-71". Hinckley, UK: AeroFax-Midland Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-85780-138-5.
- Graham, Richard H. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0122-0.
- Grant, R.G. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. New York: DK Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-1902-2.
- Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-115-6.
- Merlin, Peter W. , Orlando, Florida: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2009. AIAA 2009-1522.
- Merlin, Peter W. Washington, D.C.: Diane Publishing Co., NASA History Division Office, 2002. ISBN 1-4289-9458-0.
- Pappas, Terry. "The Blackbird is Back." Popular Mechanics, June 1991, pp. 27–31, 104–105.
- Periscope Film Com. Lulu.com, 2006. ISBN 1-4116-9937-8.
- Reithmaier, Lawrence W. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp. 220–237. ISBN 0-07-052021-6.
وصلات خارجية
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع SR-71 Blackbird. |
- SR-71.org site
- The Online Blackbird Museum, Habu.org
- Where are they now? Map of every blackbird location
- Blackbirds.net
- SR-71 videos at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center's web site
- The SR-71 Pilot Full Pressure Suit
- Surviving the breakup of SR-71 at Mach 3.18
- Peter Law's detailed technical presentations on SR-71 thermal and propulsion design features, short version