الصيغة الأصلية لهذا الاسم الشخصي هي Kösztler Artúr. هذه الموضوعة تستخدم الترتيب الغربي للأسماء.

آرثر كوستلر Arthur Koestler CBE (5 September 1905, Budapest – 1 March 1983, London) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931 Koestler joined the الحزب الشيوعي الألماني but, disillusioned by الأهوال الستالينية، he resigned in 1938. In 1940 he published his novel ظلام عند الظهيرة، وهوعمل مناهض للشمولية جلب لمحرره شهرة طبقت الآفاق.

Over the next 43 years from his residence in Great Britain, Koestler espoused many political causes and wrote novels, memoirs, biographies, and numerous essays. In 1968, he was awarded the prestigious Sonning Prize "for outstanding contribution to European culture" and, in 1972, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1976, Koestler was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and, in 1979, with terminal leukaemia. In 1983 he and his wife committed suicide at home in London.

بعد صدور كتابه هذا، أقام آرثر كوستلر في إنگلترة، حيث أمضى فيها، اولاً سنوات الحرب، متعاوناً مع أجهزة استخباراتها، في فترة كان بدأ الاتجاه خلالها نحوالصهيونية (ما زاد من الاهتمام بكتابه هذا من جهة، وما أفقده جزءاً كبيراً من مصداقيته من جهة ثانية)، وقرر حتى يناضل من أجل انشاء دولة إسرائيل، وهولهذا توجه العام 1944 إلى فلسطين واستوحى هناك واحدة من أشهر رواياته «برج عزرا» التي كانت بياناً صهيونياً لا لبس فيه. ولكن هنا مرة اخرى، وبعد ان تأسس الكيان الصهيوني، عادت اسئلة آرثر كوستلر تقلقه من جديد. وتخلى عن الصهيونية تماماً، بل حتى قام بمحاولات عدة للتخلص من جذوره اليهودية وإنكار انتمائه الى الدين اليهودي. إلى غير ذلك راح يحاربه اولئك الذين كانوا ساندوه في معاركه الأولى. اما هوفقد اعلن منذ ذلك الحين مراراً وتكراراً انه اصبح بلا دين... بل اصبح ينتمي الى دين واحد هودين الشك واللايقين. وقد ادى به هذا الى التوغل في تاريخ الشرط الإنساني ليضع كتابه التالي «السائرون نياماً» متحدثاً فيه عن الفارق بين ما روحي وما هوفهمي... وقد امضى كوستلر بقية سنوات حياته، وحتى انتحاره مع زوجته سينثيا في العام 1988، وهوغارق بين شكوكه واسترجاعه ذكريات ماضيه الملون والمتبدل تبدل القرن العشرين نفسه، هوالذي كان احد أعلامه.

أعمال منشورة

خيال (روايات)

• 1939. المجالدون، عن ثورة سپارتاكوس.
• 1940. ظلام عند الظهيرة
• 1943. الوصول والمغادرة
• 1946. Thieves in the Night
• 1951. عصر الاشتياق
• 1972. بنات الهوى: A Tragicomedy with a Prologue and Epilogue. A novel about scholars making a living on the international seminar-conference circuit. ISBN 9780091125509

دراما

• 1945. Twilight Bar.

سيرة ذاتية

• 1937. Spanish Testament.
• 1941. Scum of the Earth.
• 1942. Dialogue with Death.
• 1952. Arrow In The Blue: The First Volume Of An Autobiography, 1905–31, 2005 reprint, ISBN 0-09-949067-6
• 1954. The Invisible Writing: The Second Volume Of An Autobiography, 1932–40, 1984 reprint, ISBN 0-8128-6218-X
• 1984. Stranger on the Square co-written with Cynthia Koestler, published posthumously, edited and with an Introduction and Epilogue by Harold Harris, Hutchinson, London 1984, ISBN 0-09-154330-4.

NB The books The Lotus and the Robot, The God that Failed, and Von weissen Nächten und roten Tagen, as well as his numerous essays, all may contain further autobiographical information.

كتابات غير روائية

• 1934. Von weissen Nächten und roten Tagen. About Koestler's travels in the USSR. In his The Invisible Writing, Koestler calls the book Red Days and White Nights, or, more usually, Red Days. Of the five foreign language editions − Russian, German, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian − planned, only the German version was eventually published in Kharkov, Ukrainian S.S.R.. The edition is very rare.
• 1937. L'Espagne ensanglantée.
• 1941 Scum of the Earth. Account of his life in France before and after the outbreak of World War II, with a detailed account of his internment at Le Vernet, the French concentration camp for aliens.
• 1942 (summer) Le yogi et le commissaire.
• 1945. The Yogi and the Commissar and other essays.
• 1949. The Challenge of our Time.
• 1949. Promise and Fulfilment: Palestine 1917–1949.
• 1949. Insight and Outlook.
• 1955. The Trail of the Dinosaur and other essays.
• 1956. Reflections on Hanging.
• 1959. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. ISBN 0-14-019246-8   An account of changing scientific paradigms.
• 1960. The Watershed: A Biography of Johannes Kepler. (excerpted from The Sleepwalkers.) ISBN 0-385-09576-7
• 1960. The Lotus and the Robot, ISBN 0-09-059891-1. Koestler's journey to India and Japan, and his assessment of East and West.
• 1961. Control of the Mind.
• 1961. Hanged by the Neck. Reuses some material from Reflections on Hanging.
• 1963. Suicide of a Nation.
• 1964. The Act of Creation.
• 1967. The Ghost in the Machine. Penguin reprint 1990: ISBN 0-14-019192-5.
• 1968. Drinkers of Infinity: Essays 1955–1967.
• 1970. The Age of Longing, ISBN 0-09-104520-7.
• 1971. The Case of the Midwife Toad, ISBN 0-394-71823-2. An account of Paul Kammerer's research on Lamarckian evolution and what he called "serial coincidences".
• 1972. The Roots of Coincidence, ISBN 0-394-71934-4. Sequel to The Case of the Midwife Toad.
• 1973. The Lion and the Ostrich.
• 1974. The Heel of Achilles: Essays 1968-1973, ISBN 0-09-119400-8.
• 1976. The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage, ISBN 0-394-40284-7.
• 1976. Astride the Two Cultures: Arthur Koestler at 70, ISBN 0-394-40063-1.
• 1977. Twentieth Century Views: A Collection of Critical Essays, ISBN 0-13-049213-2.
• 1978. Janus: A Summing Up, ISBN 0-394-50052-0. Sequel to The Ghost in the Machine
• 1980. Bricks to Babel. Random House, ISBN 0-394-51897-7. This 1980 anthology of passages from many of his books, described as "A selection from 50 years of his writings, chosen and with new commentary by the author", is a comprehensive introduction to Koestler's writing and thought.
• 1981. Kaleidoscope. Essays from Drinkers of Infinity and The Heel of Achilles, plus later pieces and stories.

Writings as a contributor

• The Encyclopœdia of Sexual Knowledge (1934) (In his autobiography The Invisible Writing, Koestler uses the ligature œ in the spelling of the word "Encyclopaedia".)
• Foreign Correspondent (1940) uncredited contributor to Alfred Hitchcock film produced by Walter Wanger

• The God That Failed (1950) (collection of testimonies by ex-Communists)
• Attila, the Poet (1954) (Encounter ; ; 1954.2 (5)). On loan at the UCL library of the School of Slavonic & Eastern European Studies.
• UCL library online
• Beyond Reductionism: The Alpbach Symposium. New Perspectives in the Life Sciences (co-editor with J.R. Smythies, 1969), ISBN 0-8070-1535-0
• The Challenge of Chance: A Mass Experiment in Telepathy and Its Unexpected Outcome (1973)
• The Concept of Creativity in Science and Art (1976)
• Life After Death, (co-editor, 1976)
• Humour and Wit. I: Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. vol. 9.(1983)
• (by Arthur Koestler)

Biographies of Koestler

• Atkins, J., 1956. Arthur Koestler.
• Buckard, Christian G., 2004. Arthur Koestler: Ein extremes Leben 1905–1983. ISBN 3-406-52177-0.
• Cesarani, David, 1998. Arthur Koestler: The Homeless Mind. ISBN 0-684-86720-6.
• Hamilton, Iain, 1982. Koestler: A Biography. ISBN 0-02-547660-2.
• Koestler, Mamaine, 1985. Living with Koestler: Mamaine Koestler's Letters 1945-51. ISBN 0-297-78531-1 or ISBN 0-312-49029-1.
• Levene, M., 1984. . ISBN 0-8044-6412-X
• Mikes, George, 1983. Arthur Koestler: The Story of a Friendship. ISBN 0-233-97612-4.
• Pearson, S. A., 1978. Arthur Koestler. ISBN 0-8057-6699-5.
• [Michael] (2009). Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic. New York: Random House. p. 689. ISBN . Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help); Check |author-link1= value (help)

NB Langston Hughes's autobiography also documents their meeting in Turkestan during the Soviet era.

انظر أيضاً

• هربرت سايمون
• Holism
• Holon (philosophy)
• Janus
• السياسة في الخيال
• German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), ISBN : 978-0-85303-540-4.

المراجع

مفتاح الاختصارات المستخدمة بكثرة في المصادر المذكورة

• ACK Stranger on the Square (A & C Koestler)

• AIB Arrow in the Blue (A Koestler)

• CG Living with Koestler: Mamaine Koestler's Letters 1945-51 (Celia Goodman, Ed.)

• GM Arthur Koestler: The Story of a Friendship (George Mikes)

• IW The Invisible Writing (A Koestler)

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons:خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).]].

• Koestler CBC Radio December 14, 2011: Interview with biographer Michael Scammell on the Ideas podcast.
• Road Warrior Article in December 2009 issue of the New Yorker. Differs with the Wikipedia entry on many features of AK's biography.
• E., Holuber: Dostoevsky's Grandson
• Remembering Arthur Koestler
• Autobiographical Video-Interview with Arthur Koestler in French with German sub-titles and comments
• article on Koestler
• Arthur Koestler Project
• Duncan Fallowell (Summer 1984). "Arthur Koestler, The Art of Fiction No. 80". The Paris Review.
• George Orwell on Koestler
• Hungarian site on Koestler
• Koestler's Legacy – Fortean Times article on the centenary of Koestler's birth
• Koestler Parapsychology Unit – Koestler and his third spouse left a large sum of money for research into parapsychology: this funded, amongst other things, the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at Edinburgh University
• Mystical Experiences of Arthur Koestler
• NNDB
• Online biography
• The Koestler Trust
• Arthur Koestler at Wikiquote