العملية ماركت گاردن
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العملية ماركت جاردن (Market Garden) عملية عسكرية نفذتها قوات الحلفاء في 17 سبتمبر إلى 25 سبتمبر في عام 1944 أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. نفذت العملية في هولندا وألمانيا.
عن طريق الاستعمال المكثف لنطاق القوات الجوية هدفت العملية التكتيكية لتضمين سلسلة الجسور الموجودة فوق الأنهار الرئيسية لهولندا المحتلة من قبل الألمان حتى يسمح للحلفاء بتقدم سريع للوحدات المسلحة. الغرض الإستراتيجي كان حتى يتم السماح بعبور الحلفاء لنهر الراين، وهوالمانع الطبيعي الرئيسي الأخير للتقدم نحوألمانيا. التقدم السريع المخطط من الحدود الهولندية البلجيكية إلى شمال ألمانيا، عبر نهر ماس أوميوس وجزئين من الراين هما الوال والراين الأوطأ، كان سيطوق خط سيغفريد وسيجعل من المحتمل تطويق منطقة روهر، وهي قلب ألمانيا الصناعية.
العملية كانت ناجحة أوليا إذ تم الاستحواذ على جسر وال في نيجميجين في 20 سبتمبر. لكن العملية فشلت بشكل عام إذ وجب إيقاف تقدم الحلفاء المخطط عبر الراين في آرنهيم. القسم البريطاني المحمول جوا الأول لم يضمن الجسر في آرنهيم، وبالرغم من أنهم استطاعوا الصمود بقرب الجسر لمدة أطول بكثير من الفترة المخططة، أخفقت الهيئة الثلاثون البريطانية (XXX Corps) في إسعافهم. بقى الراين مانعاً لتقدم الحلفاء حتى تمت الهجمات في ريماجين، وأوبينهيم، وريس، وويسيل في مارس 1945. بسبب هزيمة الحلفاء في آرنهيم، لم يكن من الممكن تحرير شمال هولندا قبل فصل الشتاء وقبل حتى تأخذ "هونجيروينتر" عشرات الآلاف من الأرواح وخصوصا في مدن منطقة راندستاد.
انظر أيضاً
- بوابة World War II
المراجع
ملاحظات معلوماتية
- ^ Dr. John C Warren wrote: "Thus ended in failure the greatest airborne operation of the war .... All objectives save Arnhem had been won, but without Arnhem the rest were as nothing.
- ^ Montgomery said that "Had good weather obtained, there was no doubt that we should have attained full success". [General] Student, when interrogated by Liddell Hart, did not go quite so far as this, but gave the weather as the main cause of the operation to be fully completed. Chester Wilmot wrote: "Summing up the overall results of Market Garden, ... [Montgomery claiming 90% success] .... This claim is difficult to support, unless the success of the operation is judged merely in terms of the numbers of bridges captured. Eight crossings were seized but the failure to secure the ninth, the bridge at Arnhem, meant the frustration of Montgomery's strategic purpose. His fundamental objective had been to drive Second Army beyond the Maas and Rhine in one bound."
- ^ While the size of the German force used to oppose Market Garden is currently unknown, Michael Reynolds notes that Fifteenth Army, based to the west of the axis of advance, contained over 80,000 men. The strength of First Parachute Army is not given. However, Reynolds notes it had just been reinforced with over 30,000 men from the Luftwaffe, including paratroopers in various stages of training. Finally, the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions each contained in the neighborhood of 6,000–7,000 men.
- ^ XXX Corps lost 70 tanks while VIII and XII Corps lost c. 18 tanks.
الهامش
- ^ Warren 1956, p. 146.
- ^ Westwall 1945.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 525.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 523.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, p. 173.
- ^ Randel 1945, p. 81.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, pp. 100–01.
- ^ MacDonald 1963, and endnotes.
- ^ MacDonald 1963, p. 199.
- ^ Ryan 1999, p. 457.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, pp. 173–74.
- ^ Badsey 1993, p. 85.
- ^ Kershaw 2004, pp. 339–40.
- ^ Staff 1945, p. 32.
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- الخط
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- دوريات
- Greenacre, J. (2004). "Assessing the Reasons for Failure: 1st British Airborne Division Signal Communications during Operation Market Garden". Defence Studies. London: Frank Cass. 4 (3). doi:10.1080/1470243042000344777. OCLC 55201531. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- فيديو
- . Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
للاستزادة
- Beale, Nick (2005). Kampfflieger: Bombers of the Luftwaffe: Summer 1943 – May 1945. IV. Hersham: Classic Publications. ISBN .
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- Horne, Alistair; Montgomery, David (1994). The Lonely Leader: Monty 1944–1945. London: Macmillan. ISBN .
- Huston, James A. (1998). Out Of The Blue: U.S Army Airborne Operations In World War II. Purdue University Press. ISBN .
- Lunteren, Frank van (2014). The Battle of the Bridges: The 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment in Operation Market Garden. Casemate Publishing. ISBN .
- MacDonald, Charles B. (1960). "19 The Decision to Launch Operation Market-Garden". In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). (2000 ed.). United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 1518217. CMH Pub 70-7.
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وصلات خارجية
- The Digital Monument 1995–2014
