كارلهاينز ستوكهاوزن Karlheinz Stockhausen (النطق الألماني: [kaʁlˈhaɪnts ˈʃtɔkhaʊzn̩]؛م. 22 اغسطس 1928 – و.خمسة ديسمبر 2007) موسيقي ألماني يعتبره النقاد واحد من اهم موسيقيين القرن العشرين واوائل القرن الواحد والعشرين واكثرهم اثارة للجدل.

حياته

ستوكهاوزن قدم أحد أبرز الإسهامات للموسيقى الجديدة في الخمسينات والستينات. ولد قرب كولونيا وأصبح يتيما أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، أجبر على العمل كحامل ننطقة، وعامل مزارع وعازف بيانولينفق على دراسته ولاحقا في مدرسة للموسيقى بكولونيا والجامعة. رغم دراسة التأليف الموسيقي ونظرية الموسيقى والفلسفة تأهل مبدئيا فقط كمدرس موسيقى تعهده على الاتجاه الطليعي بعد فيبرن في دورة الصيف 1951 في دارمستاد ألهمته بكتابه عمله Kreuzspiel الذي يرجع له تاريخ بداية مشوراه في التأليف. العام التالي تفهم مع مسيان في باريس، حيث التقى ايضا ببوليز وعامل في استديوشافر مع الموسيقى الملموسة (أي المعدة من أصوات مسجلة).

Kreuzspiel بالعمل تتجه نحوالتسلسل الكلي لكن سرعان ما يمكن وصفه أنه دقيق بسبب نسيج يعتمد على “نقاط” الصوت المنعزلة. عند رؤية الحدود المعبرة للنقاط، ستوكهاوزن كونها إلى جماعات ضد النقاط، 1952 - 1953). أحضر طريقة “التجميع” لأكثر صورها تطورا في عمل “مجموعات” 1955 - 1957 الذي أيضا يمثل الذروة لإجمالي التسلسل لدى ستوكهاوزن.

مثل بوليز، استكشف ستوكهاوزن الطرق الإلكترونية في تطوير لغته المتسلسلة الرائعة الإلكترونية المبكرة “أغنية الشباب” 1955 -1956 للشريط، تمادى عن الموسيقى المجردة بالجمع بين الإنضمام المعدل لصوت الفتى، الذي يغني نص للقديس بندكيت، مع أصوات مولدة إلكترونيا. لاحقا الأعمال الإلكترونية البحتة مثل Mikrophonie I 1964 استغنت عن الشرائط لصالح توليد أوتعديل الأصوات “الحية” أثناء العرض.

تجاربه مع “عدم التحديد” المستلهمة من زيارات كيدج أعوام 1954 و1958 ظهرت في قمتها في أعمال مثل “من السبعة أيام” 1968، التي لا تضم نوتتها الموسيقية أي تدوين، لكن عبرت شعريا عن اتجاهات تترجم حدسيا إلى موسيقى يؤديها العازفون كما يوضح النص “لا أصنع موسيقاي، لكن فقط أدون الاهتزازات التي أتلقاها”. بهذه الكيفية تخلى ستوكهاوزن كمؤلف موسيقي، يبحث بدلا من ذلك عن “موسيقى لكل العالم” المستكشفة بشكل أدبي أكثر في أعمال تستخدم مستقبلات الموجة القصيرة.

مثلما مع كيدج الكثير من هذه الأفكار مستلهمة من تأثيرات شرقية مثل الدراما اليابانية والديانة الهندية. ستوكهاوزن نفسه صار مدرسا في أواخر الستينات والسبعينات مع تنامي سمعته كمدرس في دارمستاد من 1953 حتى 1973، وفي عدد من جولات المحاضرات في أمريكا من 1958. في عمله الصوفي الطقسي Stimmung 1968 يجلس ستة مغنين في دائرة ويغنون على تآلف واحد لنحو75 دقيقة، بالتدريج يغيرون اللون الحدة والتوازن، وأحيانا يثير “أسماء سحرية” محددة.

منذ 1977 جميع جهد ستوكهاوزن في التأليف كرسه لدمج أساليبه المتنوعة والتكنيك في مجموعةسبعة أوبرات (كل واحدة تمثل يوم واحد في الأسبوع تسمى light. يظل رأي النقاد منقسا بشأن مزايا الأربع أوبرات التي اكتملت حتى ذلك الوقت رغم العروض الخبيرة لمجموعة ستوكهاوزن الخاصة، بما في ذلك الأعضاء في أسرته الكبيرة. أثره المثير للجدل ضعف بشكل ملحوظ أثناء الثمانينات والتسعينات.

مؤلفاته

تكريمات

• 1964 German gramophone critics award;
• 1966 and 1972 SIMC award for orchestral works (Italy);
• 1968 Grand Art Prize for Music of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia; Grand Prix du Disque (France); Member of the Free Academy of the Arts, Hamburg;
• 1968, 1969, and 1971 Edison Prize (Holland);
• 1970 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music;
• 1973 Member of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin;
• 1974 Federal Cross of Merit, 1st class (Germany);
• 1977 Member of the Philharmonic Academy of Rome;
• 1979 Member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters;
• 1980 Member of the European Academy of Science, Arts and Letters;
• 1981 Prize of the Italian music critics for Donnerstag aus Licht;
• 1982 German gramophone prize (German Phonograph Academy);
• 1983 Diapason d'or (France) for Donnerstag aus Licht;
• 1985 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France);
• 1986 Ernst von Siemens Music Prize;
• 1987 Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music, London;
• 1988 Honorary Citizen of the Kuerten community (Gemeinde Kürten website);
• 1989 Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;
• 1990 Prix Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria;
• 1991 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Irish Academy of Music; Accademico Onorario of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Caecilia, Rome; Honorary Patron of Sound Projects Weimar;
• 1992 IMC-UNESCO Picasso Medal; Distinguished Service Medal of the German state North Rhine-Westphalia; German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Luzifers Tanz (3rd scene of Saturday from Light);
• 1993 Patron of the European Flute Festival; Diapason d'or for Klavierstücke I–XI and Mikrophonie I and II;
• 1994 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score Jahreslauf (Act 1 of Tuesday from Light);
• 1995 Honorary Member of the German Society for Electro-Acoustic Music; Bach Award of the city of Hamburg;
• 1996 Honorary doctorate (Dr. phil. h. c.) of the Free University of Berlin; Composer of the European Cultural Capital Copenhagen; Edison Prize (Holland) for Mantra; Member of the Free Academy of the Arts Leipzig; Honorary Member of the Leipzig Opera; Cologne Culture Prize;
• 1997 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Weltparlament (1st scene of Wednesday from Light); Honorary member of the music ensemble LIM (Laboratorio de Interpretación Musical), Madrid;
• 1999 Entry in the Golden Book of the city of Cologne;
• 2000 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Evas Erstgeburt (Act 1 of Monday from Light);
• 2000–2001 The film In Absentia made by the Quay Brothers (England) to concrete and electronic music by Karlheinz Stockhausen won the Golden Dove (first prize) at the International Festival for Animated Film in Leipzig. More awards: Special Jury Mention, Montreal, FCMM 2000; Special Jury Award, Tampere 2000; Special Mention, Golden Prague Awards 2001; Honorary Diploma Award, Cracow 2001; Best Animated Short Film, 50th Melbourne International Film Festival 2001; Grand Prix, Turku Finland 2001;
• 2001 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score Helicopter String Quartet (3rd scene of Wednesday from Light); Polar Music Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of the Arts;
• 2002 Honorary Patron of the Sonic Arts Network, England;
• 2003 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Michaelion (4th scene of Wednesday from Light);
• 2004 Associated member of the Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres & des Beaux-arts (Belgium); Honorary doctorate (Dr. phil. h. c.) of the Queen's University in Belfast; German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Stop and Start forستة instrumental groups;
• 2005 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Hoch-Zeiten for choir (5th scene of Sunday from Light).
• 2006 Honorary member of the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna
• 2008 On 22 August, Stockhausen's birthday, the Rathausplatz in his home town of Kürten was renamed Karlheinz-Stockhausen-Platz in his honour (Bäumer 2008).
• 2008 Onعشرة October, the Studio for Electronic Music of the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in Holland changed its name to Karlheinz Stockhausen Studio.
• 2009 German Music Publishers Society Award for the score of Momente for solo soprano, four choral groups, and 13 instrumentalists.
• 2010 The municipality of Kürten adopts the designation "Stockhausengemeinde" in honour of the late composer (Landschoof 2010).

طلاب هامون

مصادر

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المصدر

classical music by John Stanley

روابط خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Karlheinz Stockhausen.

سماع

وفيات

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للاستزادة