اللغات التوركية

لغات توركية ; Turkic
التوزيع; الجغرافي:	—
التبويب اللغوي:	Altaic (controversial) لغات توركية ; Turkic;
اللغة الأولية:	Proto-Turkic
الأقسام:	Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic); Northwestern (Kipchak Turkic); Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic); Northeastern (Siberian Turkic); Oghur (Lir-, r-) Turkic; "Arghu" (also subsumed under Oghuz);
ISO 639-5:	trk
	Distribution of the Turkic languages across Eurasia
	; Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status

اللغات التوركية Turkic languages تعبير عن عائلة لغوية ما لا يقل عن 35 لغة، تتحدث بها الشعوب التوركية في مناطق واسعة من شرق أوروبا والبحر الأبيض المتوسط إلى سيبيريا وغرب الصين، وتعتبر جزءا من عائلة اللغات الألطية . بعد انتهاء المؤتمر الأول للدراسات الهجرية في باكوسنة 1926 ، تم إقرار نظام كتابة موحد للغات التوركية .

السمات

التاريخ

سجلات مكتوبة في وقت مبكر

التوسع الجغرافي والتطور

التصنيف

نسبة عدد الناطقين باللغات التوركية

الهجرية			30.3%
أذربيجاني			11.7%
الأوزبكية			10.2%
القزخية			4.3%
أويغور			3.6%
التتارية			2.2%
الهجرمانية			1.3%
القيرغيزية			1%
Other			35.4%

مخطط

isogloss	التوركية القديمة	الهجرية	آذري	الأوزبكية	أويغور	التتارية	القزخية	القيرغيزية	ألطاي	Western Yugur	Fu-yü Gyrgys	خكاس	توڤا	ساخا/ياقوت	خلج	چواش
z/r (تسعة)	toquz	dokuz	doqquz	toqqiz	toqquz	tuğız	toğız	toğuz	toğus		doğus	toğıs	tos	toğus	toqquz	tăχăr
h- (قدم*)	adaq	ayak	ayaq	oyoq	ayaq	ayaq	ayaq	ayaq		azaq	azıχ	azaχ	adaq	ataχ	hadaq	ura
VdV (قدم*)	adaq	ayak	ayaq	oyoq	ayaq	ayaq	ayaq	ayaq		azaq	azıχ	azaχ	adaq	ataχ	hadaq	ura
-g (جبل*)	tag	dağ*	dağ	toğ	tağ	taw	taw	tō	tū	tağ	daχ	tağ	dağ	tıa	tāğ	tu
*suffix -g** (جبلي)	taglıg	dağlık*	dağlıq	toğlık	tağlıq	tawlı	tawlı	tōlū	tūlu
-ń (قرية*)	köy-			kuy-	köy-/küy-	köy-	küy-	küy-	küy-			köy-			kiěn-

*In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the ğ في dağ وdağlık لا تتحقق كصائت، بل كمـَدّة قصيرة للحرف المتحرك السابق.

الأعضاء

Proto-Turkic	Southwestern Common Turkic (غز)			Pecheneg (extinct)
		West Oghuz		Ottoman Turkish (extinct), Turkish Gagauz Azerbaijani Balkan Gagauz Turkish
		East Oghuz		Turkmen Khorasani Turkic
		South Oghuz		Afshar Dialects of Iran such as Qashqai, Sonqori, Aynallu, etc.
	(Arghu)			Khalaj Grouped with Oghuz by SIL Ethnologue
	Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)			Kipchak (extinct)
		West Kipchak		Kumyk Karachay-Balkar Crimean Tatar, Urum Krymchak Cuman (extinct) Karaim
		North Kipchak (Volga–Ural Turkic)		Kazan Tatar Mishar Bashkir West Siberian Tatar
		South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian)		Kazakh Karakalpak Kyrgyz Kipchak Uzbek (Fergana Kipchak language) Nogay
	Southeastern Common Turkic (Uyghuric)	West		Uzbek
		East		Uyghur Taranchi Western Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) Salar Old Turkic (extinct) Chagatay (extinct) Aini Ili Turki
	Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian)	North Siberian		Sakha (Yakut) Dolgan
		South Siberian	Sayan Turkic	Tuvan (Soyot, Uriankhai) Tofa
			Yenisei Turkic	Khakas Fuyü Gïrgïs Shor (Saghay Qaca, Qizil)
			Chulym Turkic	Chulym (Küerik)
			Altai Turkic	Altay Oirot and dialects such as Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit
	Oghur			Chuvash Khazar (extinct) Turkic Avar (extinct) Bulgar (extinct) Hunnic (extinct)

مقارنة المفردات

	معنى مشهجر	Old Turkic	Turkish	Azerbaijani	Turkmen	Tatar	Bashkir	Kazakh	Kyrgyz	Uzbek	Uyghur	Sakha/Yakut	Chuvash
-	أب	Ata	Ata	Ata	Ata	Atta	Ata(y)	Ata	Ata	Ota	Ata	Ata	Ate
	أم	Ana	Ana/Anne	Ana	Ene	Ana	Inä(y)/Asay	Ana	Ene	Ona	Ana		Anne
	Sound	Avaz	Avaz	Avaz	Avaz	Awaz		Əwez	Avaz	Ovoz	Avaz		Avaz
	ابن	O'gul	Oğul/Oğlan	Oğul	Oğul	Ul, uğıl	Ul	Ul	Uul	O'g'il	Oghul	Uol	Yvăl, Ul
	رجل	Er(kek)	Er(kek)	Er	Erkek	İr	İr(käk)	Er(kek)	Erkek	Erkak	Er	Er	Ar/Arşçin
	بنت	Kyz	Kız	Qız	Gyz	Qız	Qıð	Qız	Kız	Qiz	Qiz	Ky:s	Hĕr
	شخص	Kişi	Kişi/Şahıs	Kişi/Şəxs	Kişi	Keshe	Keşe	Kisi	Kishi	Kishi	Kishi	Kihi	Şçin
	عروس	Kelin	Gelin	Gəlin	Gelin	Kilen	Kilen	Kelin	Kelin	Kelin	Kelin	Kylyn	Kin
	حماة		Kaynana	Qaynana	Gayın ene	Qayın ana	Qäynä	Qayın ene	Kaynene	Qayın ona	Qeyinana		Hun'ama
أجزاء الجسم	قلب	Yürek	Yürek	Ürək	Ýürek	Yöräk	Yöräk	Jürek	Jürök	Yurak	Yürek	Süreq	Čĕre
	دم	Qan	Kan	Qan	Ga:n	Qan	Qan	Qan	Kan	Qon	Qan	Qa:n	Jun
	رأس	Baš	Baş	Baş	Baş	Baş	Baş	Bas	Bash	Bosh	Baş	Bas	Puś
	شعر	Qıl	Kıl	Qıl	Qyl	Qıl	Qıl	Qıl	Kıl	Qil	Qil	Kıl
	عين	Köz	Göz	Göz	Göz	Küz	Küð	Köz	Köz	Ko'z	Köz	Kos	Kuś
	رمش	Kirpik	Kirpik	Kiprik	Kirpik	Kerfek	Kerpek	Kirpik	Kirpik	Kiprik	Kirpik	Kirbi:	Hărpăk
	أذن	Qulqaq	Kulak	Qulaq	Gulak	Qolaq	Qolaq	Qulaq	Kulak	Quloq	Qulaq	Gulka:k	Hălha
	أنف	Burun	Burun	Burun	Burun	Borın	Moron	Murın	Murun	Burun	Burun	Murun
	ذراع	Qol	Kol	Qol	Gol	Qul	Qul	Qol	Kol	Qo'l	Qol,Bilek	Qol	Hul/Hol
	يد	El(ig)	El	Əl	El			Alaqan	Alakan		Qol;Ilik	Ili:	Ală
	أصبع	Barmak	Parmak	Barmaq	Barmak	Barmaq	Barmaq	Barmaq	Barmak	Barmoq	Barmaq		Pürne/Porn'a
	أظفر	Tyrnaq	Tırnak	Dırnaq	Dyrnaq	Tırnaq	Tırnaq	Tırnaq	Tyrmak	Tirnoq	Tirnaq	Tynyraq	Čĕrne
	ركبة	Tiz	Diz	Diz	Dy:z	Tez	Teð, tubıq	Tize	Tize	Tizza	Tiz	Tüsäχ	Čĕrpuśśi
	عجل	Baltyr	Baldır	Baldır	Baldyr	Baltır	Baltır	Baltır	Baltyr	Boldir	Baldir	Ballyr	Pıl
	قدم	Adaq	Ayak	Ayaq	Aýak	Ayaq	Ayaq	Ayaq	Ayak	Oyoq	Ayaq	Ataq	Ura
	بطن	Qaryn	Karın	Qarın	Garyn	Qarın	Qarın	Qarın	Karyn	Qorin	Qerin	Qaryn	Hyrăm
حيوانات	حصان	At	At	At	At	At	At	At	At	Ot	At	At	Ut
	ماشية	Siyir, İnek	Sığır, İnek	İnək, Sığır	Sygyr	Sıyır	Hıyır	Sïır	Sıyır	Sigir	Siyir	Inax	Vıleh
	كلب	Yt	İt	İt	It	Et	Et	Ït	It	It	It	Yt	Jytă
	سمك	Balyq	Balık	Balıq	Balyk	Balıq	Balıq	Balıq	Balık	Baliq	Beliq	Balyk	Pulă
	قملة	Bit	Bit	Bit	Bit	Bet	Bet	Bït	Bit	Bit	Pit	Byt	Pyjtă/Put'ă
أسماء أخرى	منزل	Uy	Ev	Ev	Öý	Öy	Öy	Üy	Üy	Uy	Öy		Av*
	خيمة	Otag	Otağ	Otaq	Otag					O'toq	Otaq	Otu:
	طريق	Yol	Yol	Yol	Yo:l	Yul	Yul	Jol	Jol	Yo'l	Yol	Suol	Śul
	جسر	Köprüq	Köprü	Körpü	Köpri	Küper	Küper	Köpir	Köpürö	Ko'prik	Kövrük	Kürpe	Kĕper
	سهم	Oq	Ok	Ox	Ok	Uq	Uq	Oq	Ok	O'q	Oq	Oχ	Uhă
	حريق	Ot	Od	Od	Ot	Ut	Ut	Ot	Ot	O't	Ot	Uot	Vut/Vot
	رماد	Kül	Kül	Kül	Kül	Köl	Köl	Kül	Kül	Kul	Kül	Kül	Kĕl
	ماء	Suv	Su	Su	Suw	Su	Hıw	Su	Suu	Suv	Su	Ui	Šyv/Šu
	سفينة، قارب	Kemi	Gemi	Gəmi	Gämi	Köymä	Kämä	Keme	Keme	Kema	Keme		Kimĕ
	بحيرة	Köl	Göl	Göl	Köl	Kül	Kül	Köl	Köl	Ko'l	Köl	Küöl	Külĕ
	شمس/يوم	Küneš	Gün(eş)	Gün(əş)	Gün	Kön	Kön	Kün	Kün	Kun	Kün	Kün	Kun
	سحابة	Bulut	Bulut	Bulud	Bulut	Bolıt	Bolot	Bult	Bulut	Bulut	Bulut	Bylyt	Pĕlĕt
	نجمة	Yulduz	Yıldız	Ulduz	Ýyldyz	Yoldız	Yondoð	Juldız	Jıldız	Yulduz	Yultuz	Sulus	Śăltăr
	أرض	Topraq	Toprak	Torpaq	Toprak	Tufraq	Tupraq	Topıraq	Topurak	Tuproq	Tupraq	Toburaχ	Tăpra
	تلة	Töpü	Tepe	Təpə	Depe	Tübä	Tübä	Töbe	Töbö	Tepa	Töpe	Töbö	Tüpĕ
	شجرة/خشب	Yağac	Ağaç	Ağac	Agaç	Ağaç	Ağas	Ağaş	Jygach	Yog'och	Yahach		Jyvăś
	إله (Tengri)	Tengri	Tanrı	Tanrı	Taňry	Täñre	Täñre	Täñiri	Teñir	Tangri	Tengri	Tanara	Tură/Toră
	سماء،أزرق	Kök	Gök	Göy	Gök	Kük	Kük	Kök	Kök	Ko'k	Kök	Küöq	Kăvak/Koak
الصفات	طويل	Uzun	Uzun	Uzun	Uzyn	Ozın	Oðon	Uzın	Uzun	Uzun	Uzun	Uhun	Vărăm
	جديد	Yany	Yeni	Yeni	Yany	Yaña	Yañı	Jaña	Jañı	Yangi	Yengi	Sana	Śĕnĕ
	سمين	Semiz	Semiz		Semiz	Simez	Himeð	Semiz	Semiz	Semiz	Semiz	Emis	Samăr
	كامل	Tolu	Dolu	Dolu	Do:ly	Tulı	Tulı	Tolı	Tolo	To'la	Toluq	Toloru	Tulli
	أبيض	Aq	Ak	Ağ	Ak	Aq	Aq	Aq	Ak	Oq	Aq
	أسود	Qara	Kara	Qara	Gara	Qara	Qara	Qara	Kara	Qora	Qara	Xara	Hura
	أحمر	Qyzyl	Kızıl	Qızıl	Gyzyl	Qızıl	Qıðıl	Qızıl	Kızıl	Qizil	Qizil	Kyhyl	Hĕrlĕ
أرقام	1	Bir	Bir	Bir	Bir	Ber	Ber	Bir	Bir	Bir	Bir	Bi:r	Pĕrre
	2	Eki	İki	İki	Iki	İke	İke	Eki	Eki	Ikki	Ikki	Ikki	Ikkĕ
	4	Tört	Dört	Dörd	Dö:rt	Dürt	Dürt	Tört	Tört	To'rt	Tört	Tüört	Tăvattă
	7	Yeti	Yedi	Yeddi	Yedi	Cide	Yete	Jeti	Jeti	Yetti	Yetti	Sette	Śiččĕ
	10	On	On	On	O:n	Un	Un	On	On	O'n	On	Uon	Vunnă/Vonnă
	100	Yüz	Yüz	Yüz	Yüz	Yöz	Yöð	Jüz	Jüz	Yuz	Yüz	Sü:s	Śĕr
		Old Turkic	Turkish	Azerbaijani	Turkmen	Tatar	Bashkir	Kazakh	Kyrgyz	Uzbek	Uyghur	Sakha/Yakut	Chuvash

انظر ايضا

اللغات الألطية
Proto-Turkic language
Old Turkic
Middle Turkic
Orkhon script

المصادر

^ Khalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.
^ Crimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kipchak languages, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
^ Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, etc. are partly of different origin (Johanson 1998) [1]
^ Of Altai Turkic origin, but recently closer to Kazakh (Johanson 1998)
^ Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998)
^ Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) [2]
^ Aini contains a very large Persian vocabulary component, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
^ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)

قراءات للإستزادة

Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (In Russian)
Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447052120
Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[3]
Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online,خمسة sept. 2007.[4]
Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415141982
Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.[5]
Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004131531
Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

وصلات خارجية

Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia
The LINGUIST List MultiTree Project: Turkic Family Tree
Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
اللغات التوركية at the Open Directory Project
Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary
A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell with illustrations.
Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

[1] Khalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.

[2] Crimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kipchak languages, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.

[3] Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, etc. are partly of different origin (Johanson 1998) [1]

[4] Of Altai Turkic origin, but recently closer to Kazakh (Johanson 1998)

[5] Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998)

[6] Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) [2]

[7] Aini contains a very large Persian vocabulary component, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.

[8] Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)

لغات توركية Turkic
التوزيع الجغرافي:	—
التبويب اللغوي:	Altaic (controversial) لغات توركية Turkic
اللغة الأولية:	Proto-Turkic
الأقسام:	Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic) Northwestern (Kipchak Turkic) Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic) Northeastern (Siberian Turkic) Oghur (Lir-, r-) Turkic "Arghu" (also subsumed under Oghuz)
ISO 639-5:	`trk`
Distribution of the Turkic languages across Eurasia
Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status

اللغات التوركية

اللغات التوركية

السمات

التاريخ

سجلات مكتوبة في وقت مبكر

التوسع الجغرافي والتطور

التصنيف

مخطط

الأعضاء

مقارنة المفردات

انظر ايضا

المصادر

قراءات للإستزادة

وصلات خارجية

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