| | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1845

سنة 1845 (MDCCCXLV) كانت سنة بسيطة تبدأ يوم الأربعاء (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1845 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 845 في الألفية 2، السنة 45 في القرن 19، والسنة ستة في عقد 1840 بين 1583 و1929 ومع فارق 1845 is 12 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929.

أحداث

يناير-مارس

• 10 يناير - Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20، they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her Sonnets from the Portuguese.
• 23 يناير - The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
• 29 يناير - The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time, in the New York Evening Mirror.
• 1 فبراير - Anson Jones، President of the Republic of Texas، signs the charter officially creating Baylor University (the oldest university in the State of Texas operating under its original name).
• 7 فبراير - In the British Museum، a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase، which takes months to repair.
• 28 فبراير - The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas.
• 28 فبراير - Peace of Ponche Verde in Brazil 21 . The Farroupilha revolution is crushed after ten years of struggles by the armies of Peter II of Brazil , led by the Duke of Caxias . The Juliana Republic joins the Brazilian Empire.
• 1 مارس - President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.
• 3 مارس
  • Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.
  • The United States Congress passes legislation, overriding a presidential veto for the first time.
• 4 مارس - James K. Polk is sworn in، as the 11th President of the United States.
• 11 مارس - New Zealand Wars open with the Flagstaff War: Chiefs Kawiti and Hone Heke lead 700 Māoris, in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororāreka (modern-day Russell, New Zealand).
• 13 مارس - The Violin Concerto by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig، with Ferdinand David as soloist.
• 17 مارس - Stephen Perry patents the rubber band، in the United Kingdom.
• 18 مارس - Lalla-Marnia convention , which delimits the Algerian-Moroccan border .
• 19 مارس - بداية عهد أمادوسيكو، ابن سيكوأمادو، ملك ماسينا (حتى فبراير 1853). وبعد أزمة خلافة وإخماد ثورة للطوارق في منطقة تنبكتو، حكم بسلام وعم الرخاء والوئام مع الدول المجاورة.
• 30 مارس - Due to different transition dates to the Gregorian calendar، Finland (then part of the Russian Empire) is the only place in the world to have Easter day on this particular Sunday.

أبريل-يونيو

• أبريل - الشريف الإدريسي محمد بن عبد الله (المكنى بـ "بومعزة") gathers an army in the Dahra , preaches revolt against the occupier and gathers more and more supporters. Sidi Bel Abbès and Tlemcen are threatened. On April 20 , he attacked a workers' camp on the road from Ténès to Orléansville , then unsuccessfully besieged Orléansville. His army was beaten near Ténès on May 31 , then among the Beni-Zérouals on June 11,
• 7 أبريل - An earthquake destroys part of Mexico City، along with the nearby towns of Tlalpan and Xochimilco.
• 10 أبريل - A great fire destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh.
• 15 أبريل - ordinance on the administration of French possessions in Algeria ; it limits the powers of the governor; the conquered territories are administratively divided into three provinces, which are themselves divided into civil, Arab and mixed territory.
• 20 أبريل - Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru. It bases Peru's economic power on the exploitation of guano and sodium nitrate deposits
• مايو- Frederick Douglass's autobiographical Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society.
• 1 مايو- 21 يونيو- تجريدة الجنرال بيدوفي الأوراس.

• 2 مايو- Yarmouth suspension bridge in Great Yarmouth، England, collapses leaving around 80 dead, mostly children.
• 6 مايو- convention signed in Larache between Morocco and Spain on the borders of سبتة.
• 13 مايو، مدغشقر - الأجانب يخضعون لقانون مالاگاسي حسب مرسوم من الملكة راناڤالونا الأولى. الصناعيان الفرنسيان ناپليون لاستل وجان لابورد يُدمجا في أرستقراطية مرينا.

• 19 مايو- and ، with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage، sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in the summer, entering Baffin Bay.
• May 30 - Fatel Razack (Fath Al Razack, "Victory of Allah the Provider", Arabic: قتح الرزاق) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad and Tobago، landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants.
• 8 يونيو- Former U.S. President Andrew Jackson dies, at the Hermitage in Tennessee.
• 10 يونيو- جون دنكان، المفوض من الجمعية الملكية الجغرافية، يدخل أبومي ويلقى استقبالاً حارا من الملك غيزو.
• 13-17 يونيو، مدغشقر - joint action without a future of Franco - British navies against Tamatave ( Romain-Desfossés , Kelly).
• 18-19 يونيو- الجنرال پيليسييه، بغطاء من بوجو، يبيد ألف جزائري في كهوف جبال الظهرة.
• 30 يونيو- compromise of Touwfonteinخمسة arbitrated by the British between the king of Sothos Moschech and the Boers , who obtain land evacuated by the Sothos in exchange for the recognition of the authority of Moschech, the payment of an exploitation tax and the surrender of other lands.

يوليو-سبتمبر

• July 26-Augustعشرة - Isambard Kingdom Brunel's iron steamship Great Britain makes the transatlantic crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage.
• July 28 - HMS Terror and HMS Erebus of the Franklin Expedition go missing in the Davis Strait west of Greenland، while searching for the Northwest Passage.
• 8 أغسطس - General de Saint-Arnaud had 500 Algerian rebels walled alive in caves at Aïn Merane
• 9 أغسطس - The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom، empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships, as part of the abolition of the slave trade from Africa.
• 10 أغسطس - القنصل الفرنسي في زنجبار، السيد بروكوان، receives the last letter sent by the ensign Maizan who left to explore tropical Africa from Zanzibar.
• 19 أغسطس - Tornado in Montville destroyed two large factories, killing 200 people.
• August 28 - The journal Scientific American begins publication.
• Septemberتسعة - Potato blight breaks out in Ireland, beginning the Great Famine.
• September 18 - The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata is formally declared.
• 23-25 سبتمبر - victory of Abd el-Kader at the battle of Sidi-Brahim . A column of around 400 French hunters and hussars from Djemma Ghazaouet falls into an ambush. It is massacred by 3,000 riders of the emir. Its leader, Lieutenant Colonel Lucien de Montagnac is killed. Seventy-nine survivors took refuge in the marabout known as Sidi-Brahim and resisted for three days. Only twelve of them survive 18 . There are 295 French soldiers killed
• September 25 - The Phi Alpha Literary Society is founded, in Jacksonville, Illinois.

أكتوبر-ديسمبر

• 2 أكتوبر - المعاهدة البريطانية العمانية (أتكنز هامرتون) تحظر التهريب خارج أملاك زنجبار, وقد دخلت حيز التطبيق في 1847. انهيار أسعار العبيد، مما سهّل للتجار الحصول على أيدي عاملة رخيصة.
• 9 أكتوبر - The eminent and controversial Anglican، John Henry Newman، is received into the Roman Catholic Church.
• Octoberعشرة - In Annapolis, Maryland، the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors.
• October 13 - A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the United States Congress، will make Texas a U.S. state.
• 18 أكتوبر - بومعزة، beaten for the first time on September 30 by the French cavalry, is pushed back to Mostaganem and must take refuge in the Dahra; very mobile, it propagated the insurrection 20 which lasted from November 1845 to July 1846.
• October 19 - Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Royal Court Theater.
• October 21 - The New York Herald becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball.
• November 20 - Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata - Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River، but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America.
• December 2 - Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
• December 11 - First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab.
• December 22-23 - Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.
• December 27
  • Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.
  • American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July - August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century.
• December 29 - Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.
• December 30 - Queen's Colleges of Belfast، Cork، and Galway are incorporated in Ireland.

مجهولة التاريخ

• The Ngoni chief Zwangendaba (en) bases his capital at Mapupo, near Ufipa , in present-day southern Tanzaniaثمانية . He had led his warriors to Swazi , Thongas and Shonas countries where they had mixed with the population, then crossed the Zambezi until Tanganyikaتسعة . When he died in 1845 or 1848, his warriors dispersed and founded five kingdoms and made numerous military incursions between Lake Victoria and the Zambeziعشرة .
• Between 1845 and 1860 , three merchants from Zanzibar managed to make the double crossing of Africa, from Bagamoyo to Benguela (reached onApril 3, 1852) and from Benguela to Bagamoyo.
• جمهورية يوكاتان تنفصل للمرة الثانية عن جمهورية المكسيك المركزية.
• Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing، the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus" in the New World.
• Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England.
• Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder), introducing his character, Struwwelpeter، in Germany.
• The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas is foundedنطقب:Vague in Freemasonry.
• Eugénie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers.

مواليد

يناير-يونيو

• Januaryسبعة - King Ludwig III of Bavaria (ت. 1921)
• February 2 - Ivan Puluj، Ukrainian physicist, inventor (ت. 1918)
• February 14 - Quintin Hogg، British philanthropist (ت. 1903)
• February 15 - Elihu Root، American statesman، diplomat، recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (ت. 1937)
• February 25 - Sir George Reid، 4th Prime Minister of Australia (ت. 1918)
• March ثلاثة - Georg Cantor، German mathematician (ت. 1918)
• March أربعة - Henry Clay Taylor، American admiral (ت. 1904)
• Marchعشرة - Emperor Alexander III of Russia (ت. 1894)
• March 20 - Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey، 18th Governor of New South Wales (ت. 1915)
• March 27 - Wilhelm Röntgen، German physicist، Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1923)
• April أربعة - František Plesnivý، Austro-Hungarian architect (ت. 1918)
• April 22 - Carlo Caneva، Italian general (ت. 1922)
• April 24 - Carl Spitteler، Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1924)
• May أربعة - William Kingdon Clifford، English mathematician, philosopher (ت. 1879)
• Mayتسعة - Gustaf de Laval، Swedish engineer, inventor (ت. 1913)
• May 12 - Gabriel Fauré، French composer (ت. 1924)
• May 14 - Charles J. Train، American admiral (ت. 1906)
• May 15 - Élie Metchnikoff، Russian microbiologist، recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (ت. 1916)
• May 17 - Jacint Verdaguer، Catalan poet (ت. 1902)
• May 25 - Eugène Grasset، Swiss-born artist (ت. 1917)
• May 30 - King Amadeo I of Spain (ت. 1890)
• Juneسبعة - Leopold Auer، Hungarian violinist, composer (ت. 1930)
• June 18 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran، French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (ت. 1922)
• June 22 - Richard Seddon، 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (ت. 1906)

يوليو-ديسمبر

• July أربعة - Thomas John Barnardo، Irish philanthropist (ت. 1905)
• July 19 - Horatio Nelson Young، American naval hero (ت. 1913)
• Augustتسعة - André Bessette، Canadian religious leader and saint (ت. 1937)
• Augustعشرة - Abai Qunanbaiuly، Kazakh poet (ت. 1904)
• August 16
  • Gabriel Lippmann، Luxembourger-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1921)
  • Jacinta Parejo، First Lady of Venezuela (ت. 1914)
• August 19 - Edmond James de Rothschild، French philanthropist (ت. 1934)
• August 20 - Albert Chmielowski، Polish painter, Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (ت. 1916)
• August 21 - William Healey Dall، American naturalist, biologist and explorer (ت. 1927)
• August 25 - King Ludwig II of Bavaria (ت. 1886)
• September 1 - Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen، British field marshal (ت. 1932)
• Septemberتسعة - Warner B. Bayley، United States Navy rear admiral (ت. 1928)
• September 11 - Emile Baudot، French telegraph engineer and inventor (ت. 1903)
• October 13 - Charles Stockton، American admiral (ت. 1924)
• October 21 - William McKendree Carleton، American poet (ت. 1912)
• November ثلاثة - Edward Douglass White، 9th Chief Justice of the United States (ت. 1921)
• November أربعة - Vasudev Balwant Phadke، Indian revolutionary (ت. 1883)
• Novemberعشرة - Sir John Thompson، 4th Prime Minister of Canada (ت. 1894)
• November 13 - Marta Abreu، Cuban philanthropist (ت. 1909)
• Decemberتسعة - Joel Chandler Harris، American writer (ت. 1908)
• December 24 - George I of Greece، king from 1863 to 1913 (ت. 1913)

وفيات

يناير-يونيو

• January 11 - Etheldred Benett، British geologist (و. 1776)
• January 28 - Mary Ann Browne، British poet and writer of musical scores (و. 1812)
• February 13 - Henrik Steffens، Norwegian philosopher (و. 1773)
• February 22 - William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington، British politician (و. 1763)
• March - Nicolás Espinoza، Head of State of El Salvador (و. 1795)
• March 18 - Johnny Appleseed، American pioneer (و. 1774)
• March 19 - Seku Amadu، founder of the Fula Massina Empire (و. 1773)
• Aprilعشرة - Dr. Thomas Sewall، American anatomist (و. 1786)
• May 12
  • János Batsányi، Hungarian poet (و. 1763)
  • August Wilhelm Schlegel، German poet, translator and critic (و. 1767)
• May 15 - Braulio Carrillo Colina، Costa Rican Head of State (و. 1800)
• June أربعة - Lasse-Maja، notorious Swedish criminal (و. 1785)
• Juneثمانية - Andrew Jackson، 7th President of the United States (و. 1767)

يوليو-ديسمبر

• July 12
  • Friedrich Ludwig Persius، German architect (و. 1803)
  • Henrik Wergeland، Norwegian writer (و. 1808)
• July 17 - Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey، Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (و. 1764)
• July 22 - Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde، Austrian field marshal, statesman (و. 1756)
• August ثلاثة - Charlotte Ann Fillebrown Jerauld، American poet and story writer (و. 1820)
• August 23 - Rafael Urdaneta، hero of the Latin American War of Independence (و. 1788)
• October 12 - Elizabeth Fry، British humanitarian (و. 1780)
• October 18 - Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini، French astronomer (و. 1748)
• October 26 - Lady Nairne، Scottish songwriter (و. 1766)
• November 17 - Sir Salusbury Pryce Humphreys، British admiral (و. 1778)
• November 18 - الملك Aleamotuʻa من تونگا (و. 1738)

مجهولة التاريخ

• وزير أكبر خان، أمير وقائد عسكري أفغاني (و. 1816)
• Hadji Trendafila، Bulgarian educator (و. 1785)

المراجع

للاستزادة

• Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History". Historical Reference Book. New York: D. Appleton and Company – via Hathi Trust. 1845

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