اختبار كوڤيد-19

Classification	V · T · [[d:خطأ لوا في وحدة:Wikidata على السطر 866: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). \|D]]
External resources	Patient UK: اختبار كوڤيد-19 ;

احصائيات الاختبار
البلد أوالإقليم	التاريخ	الاختبارات	إيجابية	%	اختبار / لكل مليون شخص	إيجابية / لكل مليون شخص
الأرجنتين	11 Apr	18.027	2.142	11.9	399.8	47.51
أرمنيا	11 Apr	6.484	967	14.9	2197	327.6
أستراليا	15 Apr	371.377	6.449	1.7	14621	253.9
أراضي العاصمة الأسترالية	15 Apr	6.490	103	1.6	15209	241.4
نيوساوث ويلز	15 Apr	147.114	2.886	2	18186	356.8
الأراضي الشمالية	15 Apr	3.489	28	0.8	14190	113.9
كوينزلاند	15 Apr	75.480	999	1.3	14814	196.1
أستراليا الجنوبية	15 Apr	37.545	433	1.2	21434	247.2
تسمانيا	15 Apr	4.646	169	3.6	8696	316.3
ڤيكتوريا	15 Apr	72.000	1.299	1.8	10918	197
أستراليا الغربية	15 Apr	24.613	532	2.2	9388	202.9
النمسا	15 Apr	156.801	14.269	9.1	17613	1603
أذربيجان	1 Apr	57.371	926	1.6	5796	93.55
البحرين	10 Apr	57.681	925	1.6	36752	589.4
بنگلادش	15 Apr	14.868	1.231	8.3	90.27	7.5
بربادوس	1 Apr	382	45	11.8	1331	156.8
بلاروس	13 Apr	68.000	2.919	4.3	7164	307.5
بلجيكا	13 Apr	112.613	30.589	27.2	9779	2656
بوليڤيا	11 Apr	2.185	275	12.6	191.2	24.06
البوسنة والهرسك	14 Apr	12.172	1.065	8.7	3646	319.1
البرازيل	2 Apr	54.824	7.910	14.4	260.9	37.64
بلغاريا	5 Apr	15.899	522	3.3	2288	75.11
كندا	14 Apr	462.841	27.063	5.8	12214	714.2
ألبرتا	14 Apr	82.649	1.870	2.3	18728	423.7
كلومبيا البريطانية	14 Apr	58.626	1.517	2.6	11471	296.8
مانيتوبا	14 Apr	17.605	246	1.4	12780	178.6
نيوبرنزويك	13 Apr	8.199	116	1.4	10512	148.7
نيوفاوندلاند ولبرادور	13 Apr	4.907	244	5.1	9412	468
المقاطعات الشمالية	13 Apr	1.453	5	0.34	32358	111.3
نوڤا سكوشيا	13 Apr	16.054	474	3	16424	484.9
أونتاريو	14 Apr	113.082	7.953	7	7686	540.6
جزيرة الأمير إدوارد	13 Apr	1.841	25	1.4	11640	158.1
كويبك	14 Apr	137.451	14.248	10.4	16099	1669
ساسكاتشوان	13 Apr	19.804	300	1.5	16759	253.9
يوكون	13 Apr	832	8	1	20254	194.8
تشيلي	14 Apr	87.794	7.917	9	4603	415.1
الصين
گوانگ‌دونگ	20 Feb	320.000	1.332	0.42	3068	12.77
هونگ كونگ	7 Apr	116.273	936	0.81	15539	125.1
كلومبيا	12 Apr	41.765	2.776	6.6	865.4	57.52
كوستاريكا	31 Mar	3.845	347	9	769.1	69.41
كرواتيا	7 Apr	12.322	1.282	10.4	3023	314.5
التشيك	14 Apr	137.409	6.141	4.5	12902	576.6
الدنمارك	14 Apr	80.451	6.691	8.3	13569	1128
الإكوادور	14 Apr	25.347	7.603	30	1484	445
مصر	25 Mar	25.000	865	3.5	249.8	8.6
إستونيا	15 Apr	33.967	1.400	4.1	25571	1054
فنلندا	13 Apr	46.000	3.064	6.7	8315	553.9
فرنسا	7 Apr	333.807	87.024	26.1	4981	1298
ألمانيا	8 Apr	1.317.887	100.901	7.7	15850	1213
اليونان	7 Apr	28.584	1.832	6.4	2654	170.1
گرنادا	1 Apr	37	10	27	332	89.72
المجر	15 Apr	37.362	1.579	4.5	3823	161.6
آيسلندا	14 Apr	36.339	1.720	4.7	99761	4722
الهند	14 Apr	229.426	10.307	4.5	181	7.6
إندونيسيا	15 Apr	33.001	5.136	15.6	123.3	19.19
إيران	13 Apr	275.427	73.303	26.6	3311	881.2
آيرلندا	6 Apr	90.646	11.479	12.7	19036	2411
إسرائيل	14 Apr	183.925	12.046	6.5	20046	1313
إيطاليا	13 Apr	1.046.910	159.516	15.2	17357	2645
إميليا-رومانيا	13 Apr	99.047	20.098	20.3	22210	4507
ليگوريا	13 Apr	23.129	5.596	24.2	14916	3609
لومباردي	13 Apr	211.092	60.314	28.6	20982	5995
ماركى	13 Apr	28.379	5.381	19	18606	3528
پيدمونت	13 Apr	69.170	17.134	24.8	15878	3933
توسكانيا	13 Apr	80.889	7.390	9.1	21688	1981
ڤـِنـِتو	13 Apr	203.077	14.251	7	41395	2905
جاميكا	1 Apr	442	44	10	162.2	16.15
اليابان	15 Apr	94.236	8.100	8.6	747	64.21
طوكيو	13 Apr	6.743	2.158	32	484.1	154.9
قزخستان	15 Apr	38.233	1.275	3.3	2050	68.35
كوسوڤو	14 Apr	3.547	387	10.9	1959	213.8
قيرغيزستان	13 Apr	24.901	419	1.7	3897	65.58
لاتڤيا	9 Apr	25.458	589	2.3	13260	306.8
لتوانيا	15 Apr	44.677	1.091	2.4	15988	390.4
ماليزيا	15 Apr	87.183	5.072	5.8	2660	154.8
مالطا	11 Apr	16.016	370	2.3	32450	749.7
المكسيك	12 Apr	36.594	4.661	12.7	289.1	36.82
الجبل الأسود	15 Apr	3.682	288	7.8	5833	456.3
نيپال	14 Apr	6.299	16	0.25	224.2	0.6
هولندا	13 Apr	128.652	27.419	21.3	7383	1574
نيوزيلندا	14 Apr	64.399	1.072	1.7	12952	215.6
نيجريا	13 Apr	5.000	343	6.9	24.43	1.7
كوريا الشمالية	2 Apr	709	0	0	27.75	0
مقدونيا الشمالية	11 Apr	8.057	828	10.3	3879	398.6
النرويج	10 Apr	124.279	6.320	5.1	23154	1177
پاكستان	14 Apr	69.928	5.716	8.2	322.9	26.39
فلسطين	11 Apr	16.992	268	1.6	3363	53.05
پنما	12 Apr	15.147	3.400	22.4	3626	814
پيرو	14 Apr	102.216	10.303	10.1	3114	313.9
الفلپين	14 Apr	45.486	5.223	11.5	450.4	51.72
پولندا	15 Apr	156.493	7.408	4.7	4077	193
الپرتغال	13 Apr	163.616	16.934	10.3	15921	1648
رومانيا	15 Apr	74.827	7.216	9.6	3857	371.9
روسيا	15 Apr	1.517.992	24.490	1.6	10344	166.9
أوبلاست موسكو	14 Apr	73.814	2.315	3.1	9837	308.5
صربيا	15 Apr	26.278	4.873	18.5	3774	699.8
سنغافورة	7 Apr	72.680	1.481	2	12743	259.7
سلوڤاكيا	13 Apr	29.217	835	2.9	5359	153.1
سلوڤنيا	13 Apr	35.946	1.231	3.4	17166	587.9
جنوب أفريقيا	13 Apr	83.663	2.272	2.4	1423	38.66
كوريا الجنوبية	14 Apr	527.438	10.564	2	10200	204.3
إسپانيا	14 Apr	600.000	172.541	28.8	12839	3692
السويد	7 Apr	11.927	74.600	16	8705	1392
سويسرا	12 Apr	193.800	25.300	13.1	22613	2952
تايوان	15 Apr	49.748	395	0.79	2092	16.61
تايلند	15 Apr	35.500	2.643	7.4	511.3	38.07
ترينداد وتوباگو	1 Apr	595	90	15.1	436.2	65.98
هجريا	14 Apr	443.626	65.111	14.7	5335	783
أوكرانيا	15 Apr	39.084	3.102	7.9	929.9	89.55
الإمارات	8 Apr	593.095	2.659	0.45	61785	277
المملكة المتحدة	15 Apr	313.769	98.476	31.4	4645	1458
إسكتلندا	14 Apr	32.885	6.358	19.3	6047	1174
الولايات المتحدة	14 Apr	3.155.233	605.243	19.2	9613	1844
كاليفورنيا	14 Apr	215.408	23.338	10.8	5452	590.7
فلوريدا	15 Apr	212.588	22.081	10.4	9898	1028
إلينوي	14 Apr	110.616	23.247	21	8729	1835
لويزيانا	14 Apr	118.422	21.518	18.2	25474	4629
مشيگن	13 Apr	85.906	25.635	29.8	8573	2558
نيوجرزي	14 Apr	139.774	68.824	49.2	15736	7749
نيويورك	14 Apr	499.143	202.208	40.5	25658	10394
تكساس	14 Apr	146.467	14.624	10	5051	504.3
واشنطن	14 Apr	122.854	10.694	8.7	16133	1404
أوروگواي	24 Mar	1.538	189	12.3	443.2	54.46
ڤنزويلا	31 Mar	1.779	143	8	61.58	5
ڤيتنام	15 Apr	135.938	267	0.2	1377	2.7

اختبار كوڤيد-19 هواختبار طبي للكشف عن الإصابة بسقم ڤيروس كورونا 2019 (كوڤيد-19) والمرتبط بڤيروس كورونا 2019-2020، والذي يمكن إجراؤه بطريقتين: التعهد الجزيئي وفحص فهم الأمصال. اختبارات تفاعل البوليميراز المتسلسل (PCR) بعد إنزيم النسخ العكسي للكشف عن الحمض الريبي الفيروسي عن طريق تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي للنسخ العكسي إلى جانب اختبارات الحمض النووي وغيرها من التقنيات التحليلية المتقدمة للكشف عن المادة الوراثية للفيروس. أوعن طريق الاختبارات المصل، تستفيد من مجموعات اختبار الأجسام المضادة مقايسة امتصاصية مناعية للإنزيم المرتبط للكشف عن وجود الأجسام المضادة التي ينتجها الجهاز المناعي عند الإصابة بالعدوى، وتظهر هذه الأجسام المضادّة بعد فترة وجيزة تقارب العشرة أيام من التعرض للفيروس. يقوم مركز السيطرة على الأمراض بإجراء اختبارين ELISA ضد بروتينين مختلفين ينتجهما الفيروس. إذا كان أي من الاختبارين إيجابيًا، يتم إجراء اختبار فحص التحييد الدقيق لتأكيد النتيجة الإيجابية.

طرق الاختبار

اعتباراً منستة مارس 2020، أدرجت منظمة الصحة العالمية معامل وپروتوكولات التطوير
البلد	المؤسسة	الجينات المستهدفة
الصين	مركز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها	ORF1ab and Nucleoprotein (N)
ألمانيا	شاريتي	RdRP, E, N
هونگ كونگ	جامعة هونگ كونگ	ORF1b-nsp14, N
اليابان	المعهد الوطني للأمراض المعدية، قسم فهم الڤيروسات 3	Pancorona and multiple targets, Spike protein (Peplomer)
تايلند	المعهد الوطني للصحة	N
الولايات المتحدة	مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها	ثلاثة أهداف على الجين N
فرنسا	معهد پاستير	هدفين على الجين RdRP

فحص PCR

تم تطوير أحد اختبارات PCR المبكرة في شاريتيه في برلين في يناير 2020 باستخدام تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي للنسخ العكسي في الوقت الحالي(rRT-PCR)، وشكلت الأساس لـ 250.000 مجموعة لتوزيعها من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO).

طورت الشركة الكورية الجنوبية كوجينيكوتك مجموعة كشف فيروس كورونا 2 المرتبط بالمتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الشديدة على أساس سريري PCR (باورشيك فيروس كورونا) في 28 يناير 2020. والجين RdRp الخاص بـ فيروس كورونا 2 المرتبط بالمتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الشديدة. قامت شركات أخرى في الدولة، مثل سولجنت وسيجين، بتطوير مجموعتي كشف إضافيتين طورتهماللكشف عن الدرجة السريرية، المسماة DiaPlexQ وAllplex 2019-nCoV Assay، على التوالي، في فبراير 2020.

في الصين، كانت مجموعة BGI واحدة من أولى الشركات التي حصلت على موافقة استخدام الطوارئ من الإدارة الوطنية الصينية للمنتجات الطبية لمجموعة الكشف عن SARS-CoV-2 المستندة إلى PCR.

بدأت المختبرات التجارية الأمريكية اختبارها في أوائل مارس 2020. واعتبارًا منخمسة مارس 2020، أعربت لاب كورب عن توفر اختبار كوفيد-19 على مستوى الدولة استنادًا إلى تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي للنسخ العكسي. قامت شركة تشخيص كويست بإتاحة اختبار كوفيد-19 على المستوى الوطني اعتبارًا منتسعة مارس 2020. لم يتم الإعلان عن أي قيود على الكمية؛ يجب إجراء جمع العينات ومعالجتها وفقًا لمتطلبات CDC.

في 12 مارس 2020، أفيد حتى مايوكلينك قد طورت اختبارًا للكشف عن عدوى كوفيد-19.

في 13 مارس 2020، حصلت تشخيص روش على موافقة إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية على اختبار يمكن إجراؤه في غضون 3.5 ساعة، مما يسمح لجهاز واحد بإجراء ما يقرب من 4128 اختبارًا في غضون 24 ساعة.

الأشعة المبترية

Chest CT scans can sometimes help identify and characterize lung pathology, and have yielded non-specific findings with COVID-19 infection. A systematic review of chest CT scan findings in 919 patients described the typical early manifestation of COVID-19 as "bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacification (GGO) with a peripheral or posterior distribution". One study found that the sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 infection was 98% compared to RT-PCR sensitivity of 71%; however, this was performed in Wuhan province of China and is not generalizable. Most common CT scan findings were bilateral ground-glass attenuation (patchy or diffuse) with subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidations at later stages. These findings are nonspecific and found as well in other types of pneumonia. A small study showed that Chinese radiologists demonstrated 72-94% sensitivity and 24-94% in differentiating COVID-19 from other types of viral pneumonia using CT imaging. No study yet has validated the accuracy and discriminatory value of CT scans to distinguish COVID from other viral pneumonia. Therefore, the CDC does not recommend CT for initial screening, as emphasized in the COCA call on Thursday,خمسة March. People with suspected COVID should be tested with RT-PCR, which is the most specific test.^[]

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Typical CT imaging findings
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CT imaging of rapid progression stage.

المقايسة المناعية

As of 26 February 2020, there were no antibody tests or point-of-care tests though efforts to develop them are ongoing.

On 28 February 2020, a South Korean company called PCL filed a request to Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of South Korea for their antibody-based detection kit, COVID-19 Ag GICA Rapid. Unlike an RT-PCR-based detection kit, PCL claims that their antibody-based kit could make a diagnosis withinعشرة min.

Onثمانية March 2020, Taiwan's Academia Sinica announced a monoclonal antibody specifically binding nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus had been successfully generated and tested in 19 days. If a rapid immune-based test kit can be developed it may be able to detect the disease within 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.

Work to develop a rapid antibody test that delivers return results in 15 minutes by detecting both IgM and IgG antibodies using blood from veins or finger pricks is ongoing. Approval in the United States is pending as of Mar 12th 2020.

تقنيات جديدة

أنبوبة بها عينة دم للكشف عن الإصابة بڤيروس كورونا الجديد.

في 18 مارس 2020، طور فهماء من جامعة ستانفورد اختباراً للكشف عن الإصابة ڤيروس كورونا في نصف ساعة، أسرع ثلاث مرات من طرق الاختبار الحالية.

طور فريق فهماء اختباراً لڤيروس كورونا الجديد يسمح بالتأكد من إصابة الشخص أوخلوه من الفيروس القاتل بسرعة أكبر. وقام فريق من قسم العلوم الهندسية بجامعة أكسفورد ومركز أكسفورد سوتشوللبحوث المتقدمة بتطوير الاختبار الذي يستند إلى تقنية قادرة على إعطاء نتائج في نصف ساعة. وتستغرق اختبارات الڤيروس الحالية باستخدام عينة من الأنسجة أوالدم أوالسوائل الأخرى من نصف ساعة إلى ساعتين لإعطاء نتيجة. ويقول الفهماء أصحاب الاختبار الجديد إنه أسرع بكثير من تلك التي تستخدم على نطاق واسع ولا يحتاج أداة معقدة.

ويعمل الفريق بقيادة البروفيسور زان‌فنگ توي والبروفيسور وي هوانگ على تحسين قدرات الاختبار مع تفشي الڤيروس دولياً. ونطق البروفيسور هوانگ: "يكمن جمال هذا الاختبار الجديد في تصميم الكشف الڤيروسي الذي يمكنه التعهد على وجه التحديد على شظايا الحمض النووي الريبي". الاختبار يحتوي على عمليات فحص مدمجة لمنع القراءات الخاطئة وكانت النتائج دقيقة للغاية.

ويقول الفهماء إذا هذه التكنولوجيا حساسة للغاية مما يعني أنه قد يتم التعهد على السقمى في المراحل المبكرة من العدوى، مما قد يساعد على الحد من الانتشار.

تتطلب التكنولوجيا كتلة حرارية بسيطة تحافظ على درجة حرارة ثابتة، ويمكن قراءة النتائج بالعين المجردة. وقد استخدمت هذه التكنولوجيا على عينات سريرية حقيقية في مستشفى شنتشن لوهوالشعبي في الصين.

وطبق المستشفى مجموعات الكشف السريع على 16 عينة سريرية، بما في ذلك ثمانية حالات إيجابية وثماني كانت سلبية، وهوما أكدته الطرق التقليدية وغيرها من الأدلة السريرية. وكانت جميع نتائج الاختبار باستخدام مجموعات الكشف السريع ناجحة.

جمع العينات

Using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample. Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.

Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.

The British NHS has announced that it will start testing suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.

In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions. Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.

الانتاج وحجم الاختبار

عدد الاختبارات اليومية في الولايات المتحدة.
الأزرق:معمل CDC
البرتنطق: معمل صحة عامة
الرمادي: البيانات غير مكتملة بسبب تأخر إعداد التقارير

China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts. In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government. On 16th March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of Covid-19 pandemic.

انظر أيضاً

لقاح كوڤيد-19

مرئيات


جهاز اختبار كوڤيد-19، تستغرق النتائجعشرة دقائق، إنتاج بيوزيك.

الهوامش

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

COVID-19 Testing (at least) - now Free for all? (CDC; US Congress; CSPAN video/6:00; March 12, 2020)

نطقب:COVID-19

[1] "Ministerio de Salud Nuevo coronavirus COVID-19 Informe diario". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 12 April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[2] . Հիվանդությունների վերահսկման և կանխարգելման ազգային կենտրոն [National Center for Disease Control and Prevention] (in Armenian). 11 April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Australian_Government.2C_Department_of_Health-3] "Coronavirus (COVID-19)". Australian Government, Department of Health. 15 April 2020.

[Tasmania.2C_Department_of_Health-4] "Coronavirus (COVID-19)". Tasmania, Department of Health. 15 April 2020.

[5] "Coronavirus". Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz [Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection] (in German).تسعة April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[6] "Azərbaycanda cari̇ vəzi̇yyət". KoronaVirus info (in Azerbaijani). Operational Headquarters under the Cabinet of Ministers. 1 April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[7] . وزارة الصحة [Ministry of Health] (in Arabic).عشرة April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[8] "Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research". Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research. 15 April 2020.

[9] "COVID-19 Update (1st April, 2020) feat. Acting PM Hon. Santia Bradshaw, M.P" (video). Prime Minister's Office of Barbados (YouTube). 1 April 2020.

[10] "t.me/minzdravbelarus/331". Официальный канал Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь в Телеграм [The official Telegram channel of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus] (in Russian). 11 April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[11] "Epistat – Covid19 Monitoring". Epistat.

[12] "243 nouveaux cas de coronavirus en Belgique ce mercredi 18 mars, 135 hospitalisations et أربعة décès de plus, dont une personne de 59 ans". Belgium: RTBF Info. March 18, 2020.

[13] "Bolivia Segura". Bolivia Segura. 2020-04-11. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.

[14] "Službene informacije o koronavirusu (COVID-19)". Ministarstvo civilnih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine [Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina] (in Bosnian). 14 April 2020.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[15] "Brazil Number of PCR Test".

[Bulgaria_total_number_of_PCR_tests-16] "Total COVID-19 tests performed in Bulgaria". Bulgarian Ministry of Health. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

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Classification	V · T · [[d:خطأ لوا في وحدة:Wikidata على السطر 866: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). \|D]]
External resources	Patient UK: اختبار كوڤيد-19