هبريدز الخارجية
| الاسم الگيلي | Na h-Eileanan Siar |
|---|---|
| معنى الاسم | Western Isles |
| المسقط | |
 هبريدز الخارجية هبريدز الخارجية shown within Scotland
| |
| OS grid reference | NB426340 |
| الإحداثيات | Coordinates: |
| Physical geography | |
| المساحة | [] |
| أعلى منسوب | Clisham 799 م (2,621 قدم) |
| الادارة | |
| الدولة ذات السيادة | المملكة المتحدة |
| البلد | اسكتلندا |
| منطقة المجلس | Comhairle nan Eilean Siar |
| الديمغرافيا | |
| التعداد | |
| الكثافة السكانية | per km2 |
| أكبر مستوطنة | Stornoway |
 | |
The Outer Hebrides ( //), also known as the Western Isles (بالغالية الاسكتلندية: Na h-Eileanan Siar [nə ˈhelanən ˈʃiəɾ] or Na h-Eileanan an Iar [nəˈhelanən əˈɲiəɾ]), Innse Gall ("islands of the strangers") or the Long Isle or the Long Island (بالغالية الاسكتلندية: An t-Eilean Fada), is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language, although in a few areas English speakers form a majority.
Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands. From Barra Head to the Butt of Lewis is roughly 210 kiloمترs (130 ميل).
There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. The Western Isles became part of the Norse kingdom of the Suðreyjar, which lasted for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs, principal of whom were the MacLeods, MacDonalds, Mackenzies and MacNeils. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline. Much of the land is now under local control and commercial activity is based on tourism, crofting, fishing, and weaving.
Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate between the islands and to mainland Scotland. Modern navigation systems now minimise the dangers but in the past the stormy seas have claimed many ships. Religion, music and sport are important aspects of local culture, and there are numerous designated conservation areas to protect the natural environment.
Geography
Flora and fauna
Population
| التعداد التاريخي | ||
|---|---|---|
| السنة | تعداد | ±% |
| 1861 | 36٬319 | — |
| 1901 | 46٬172 | +27.1% |
| 1951 | 35٬591 | −22.9% |
| 1961 | 32٬609 | −8.4% |
| 1971 | 29٬891 | −8.3% |
| 1981 | 30٬702 | +2.7% |
| 1991 | 29٬600 | −3.6% |
| 2001 | 26٬502 | −10.5% |
| 2011 | 27٬684 | +4.5% |
| Island | Gaelic name | 2011 population | 2001 population | 2011 Gaelic speakers | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lewis and Harris | Leòdhas | 21٬031 | 18٬500 (Lewis) |
|
||||||||||||
| Hearadh | 1٬916 (Harris) | 60% (1,212) | ||||||||||||||
| South Uist | Uibhist a Deas | 1٬754 | 1٬818 | 60% (1,888 incl. Benbecula) | ||||||||||||
| North Uist | Uibhist a Tuath | 1٬254 | 1٬271 | 61% (887) | ||||||||||||
| Benbecula | Beinn nam Fadhla | 1٬303 | 1٬219 | 60% (1,888 with South Uist) | ||||||||||||
| Barra | Barraigh | 1٬174 | 1٬078 | 62% (761) | ||||||||||||
| Scalpay | Sgalpaigh | 291 | 322 | |||||||||||||
| Great Bernera | Beàrnaraigh Mòr | 252 | 233 | |||||||||||||
| Grimsay (north) | Griomasaigh | 169 | 201 | |||||||||||||
| Berneray | Beàrnaraigh | 138 | 136 | |||||||||||||
| Eriskay | Èirisgeigh | 143 | 133 | |||||||||||||
| Vatersay | Bhatarsaigh | 90 | 94 | |||||||||||||
| Baleshare | Baile Sear | 58 | 49 | |||||||||||||
| Grimsay (south) | Griomasaigh | 20 | 19 | |||||||||||||
| Flodaigh | Flodaigh | 7 | 11 | |||||||||||||
| Fraoch-Eilean | Fraoch-Eilean | ? | ? | |||||||||||||
| TOTAL | 27٬684 | 26٬502 | 52% (14,248) |
Uninhabited islands
Geology
Prehistory
Etymology
| Pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Scots Gaelic: | A' Chomhairle | |
| Pronunciation: | [ə ˈxõ.ərˠʎə] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | An t-Eilean Fada | |
| Pronunciation: | [əɲ tʰʲelan fat̪ə] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Comhairle nan Eilean Siar | |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈkʰõ.ərˠʎə nə ˈɲelan ˈʃiəɾ] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | guga | |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈkukə] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Innse Gall | |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈĩːʃə ˈkaulˠ̪] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Na h-Eileanan A-muigh | |
| Pronunciation: | [nə ˈhelanən əˈmuj] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Na h-Eileanan an Iar | |
| Pronunciation: | [nə ˈhelanən ə ˈɲiəɾ] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Na h-Eileanan Siar | |
| Pronunciation: | [nə ˈhelanən ˈʃiəɾ] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Oitir Mhòr | |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈɔʰtʲɪɾʲ ˈvoːɾ] ( استمع) | |
| Scots Gaelic: | Sloc na Béiste | |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈs̪lˠ̪ɔʰk nə ˈpeːʃtʲə] ( استمع) | |
| Gaelic root | Derived forms | Anglicised as | Origin and meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -aigh | -ay/-ey | generally from the Norse øy meaning "island" | |
| beag | bheag, bige, bhige, beaga, bheaga | beg | small |
| dearg | dhearg, deirge, dheirge, deirg, dheirg, dearga, dhearga | derg | red |
| dubh | dhubh, duibh, dhuibh, duibhe, dhuibhe, dubha, dhubha | black; hidden | |
| glas | ghlas, glais, ghlais, glaise, ghlaise, glasa, ghlasa | grey, green | |
| ear | east, eastern | ||
| eilean | eilein, eileanan | from the Norse eyland meaning "island" | |
| iar | west, western | ||
| mòr | mhòr, mòire, mhòire , mòra, mhòra, mòir, mhòir | more | big, great |
| rubha | rubhannan | promontory | |
| sgeir | sgeirean | skerry | skerry; often refers to a rock or rocks that lie submerged at high tide. |
There are also from the Norse Örfirirsey meaning "tidal" or "ebb island".
History
In Scotland, the Celtic Iron Age way of life, often troubled but never extinguished by Rome, re-asserted itself when the legions abandoned any permanent occupation in 211 AD. Hanson (2003) writes: "For many years it has been almost axiomatic in studies of the period that the Roman conquest must have had some major medium or long-term impact on Scotland. On present evidence that cannot be substantiated either in terms of environment, economy, or, indeed, society. The impact appears to have been very limited. The general picture remains one of broad continuity, not of disruption ... The Roman presence in Scotland was little more than a series of brief interludes within a longer continuum of indigenous development." The Romans' direct impact on the Highlands and Islands was scant and there is no evidence that they ever actually landed in the Outer Hebrides.
Norse control
Scots rule
British era
انظر أيضاً
- Hebridean Myths and Legends
- List of places in the Western Isles
- List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
- List of islands of Scotland
- Ljótólfr
- Leod
- List of Category A listed buildings in the Western Isles
- Comhairle nan Eilean Siar election, 2012
- Virtual Hebrides
- Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
- Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185
Notes
- ^ Murray (1973) notes that "Western Isles" has tended to mean "Outer Hebrides" since the creation of the Na h-Eileanan an Iar or Western Isles parliamentary constituency in 1918. The phrase can also be used to refer to the Hebrides in general. Murray also notes that "Gneiss Islands"—a reference to the underlying geology – is another name used to refer to the Outer Hebrides but that its use is "confined to books".
- ^ This tidal isle is at (نطقب:Gbmapping and the evidence of both Ordnance Survey maps and photographs (e.g. " Geograph. Retrievedعشرة August 2009) indicates a resident population. There is even a name, Seana Bhaile (English: "Old Town") for the main settlement. However, neither the census nor the main reference work (Haswell-Smith 2004) refer to the island. Its population is presumably included in nearby Grimsay by the census.
References
- ^ نطقب:United Kingdom district population citation
- ^ Thompson (1968) p. 14
- ^ نطقب:United Kingdom district population citation
- ^ Murray (1973) p. 32.
- ^ "Statistical Bulletins"."2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C (Part Two)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. 15 August 2013.
- ^ Factfile - Population of Outer Hebrides
- ^
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةGRO - ^ "Crìonadh mòr sa Ghàidhlig anns na h-Eileanan" [A significant decline in Gaelic in the Outer Hebrides]. Naidheachdan [News] (in الغيلية الأسكتلندية). BBC. 15 November 2013.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةMacanT - ^ Hanson (2003) p. 198
- ^ Hanson (2003) p. 216
- ^ Hunter (2000) pp. 38–39
Sources
- Armit, Ian (1998) Scotland's Hidden History. Tempus (in association with Historic Scotland). ISBN 0-7486-6067-4
- Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
- Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15893-1
- Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2
- Buxton, Ben (1995) Mingulay: An Island and Its People. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-874744-24-6
- Downham, Clare (2007) Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0
- Gillen, Con (2003) Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden. Terra Publishing. ISBN 1-903544-09-2
- Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ISBN 1-904607-57-8
- Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
- Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate. ISBN 1-84195-454-3
- Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
- Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255082-2
- Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003). "Ainmean-àite le buidheachas do dh' Iain Mac an Tailleir / Place-names collected by Iain Mac an Tailleir". The Scottish Parliament / Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 26 August 2012. "A'Chleit – Butt of Lewis" (PDF). "Cabaan – Eyre" (PDF). "Faddoch – Jura" (PDF). "Kallin – Ovie" (PDF). "Pabay – Yoker" (PDF).
- McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-357-0
- Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate. ISBN 0-903937-41-7
- Malhotra, R. (1992) Anthropology of Development: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Professor I.P. Singh. New Delhi. Mittal. ISBN 81-7099-328-8
- Li, Martin (2005) . Hunter Publishing. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- Miers, Mary (2008) The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. The Rutland Press. ISBN 978-1-873190-29-6
- Murray, Sir John and Pullar, Laurence (1910). . National Library of Scotland. Edinburgh: Challenger Office. Retrieved 8 March 2018.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
- Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
- Ross, David (2005) Scotland – History of a Nation. Lomond. ISBN 0-947782-58-3
- Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995) The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide. Machynlleth. Kittiwake. ISBN 0-9511003-5-1
- Thompson, Francis (1968) Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4260-6
- Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh; Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
External links
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Outer Hebrides. |
 |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for هبريدز الخارجية. |
- Western Isles at the Open Directory Project
- Stornoway Port Authority
- Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
- 2001 Census Results for the Outer Hebrides
- MacTV
- Reefnet
- Hebrides.com Photographic website from ex-Eolas Sam Maynard
- www.visithebrides.com Western Isles Tourist Board site from Reefnet
- Virtual Hebrides.com Content from the VH, which went its own way and became Virtual Scotland.
- hebrides.ca Home of the Quebec-Hebridean Scots who were cleared from Lewis to Quebec 1838–1920s
نطقب:Prehistoric Western Isles
