الأسر الحاكمة في التاريخ الصيني

هذه الموضوعة تحتوي نص تانگوتي. بدون دعم إظهار مناسب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام أومربعات أورموز أخرى بدلاً من حروف تانگوتية.

هذه الموضوعة تحتوي نص مانچو. بدون دعم عرض مناسب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أورموز أخرى بدلاً من حروف المانچو.

Approximate territories controlled by the various dynasties and states throughout Chinese history, juxtaposed with the modern Chinese border.

From the inauguration of dynastic rule by Yu the Great in circa 2070 BC to the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, China was ruled by a series of successive dynasties. Dividing the history of China into periods ruled by dynasties is a common method of periodization utilized by scholars.

مصطلحات

The following is a list of terms associated with the concept of dynasty in Chinese historiography:

cháo (朝): a dynasty
cháodài (朝代): an era corresponding to the rule of a dynasty
wángcháo (王朝): while technically referring to royal dynasties, this term is often inaccurately applied to dynasties whose rulers held non-royal titles such as emperor
huángcháo (皇朝): generally used for imperial dynasties

التاريخ

A depiction of Yu, the initiator of dynastic rule in China, by the Southern Song court painter Ma Lin.

A photograph of the Xuantong Emperor, widely considered to be the last legitimate monarch of China, taken in AD 1922.

بداية نظام الأسر الحاكمة الصينية

As the founder of China's first dynasty, the Xia dynasty, Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as the inaugurator of dynastic rule in China. In the Chinese dynastic system, the sovereign ruler theoretically possessed absolute power and private ownership of everything within his/her realm. This concept, known as jiā tiānxià (家天下; "All under Heaven belongs to the ruling family"), was in contrast to the pre-Xia notion of gōng tiānxià (公天下; "All under Heaven belongs to the public") whereby leadership succession was non-hereditary.

قائمة الأسر الصينية الرئيسية

هذه القائمة تضم فقط الأسر الرئيسية في الصين توجد نمطياً في صيغ مبسطة من الخطوط الزمنية للتاريخ الصيني.

	الأسرة		البيت الحاكم			فترة الحكم		الحكام
	Name (English / Chinese / Pinyin / Bopomofo)	Origin of name	Surname (English / Chinese)	Ethnicity	Status	Year	Term	Founder	Last monarch	List
Semi-legendary
	Xia dynasty 夏朝 Xià Cháo ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄔㄠˊ	Tribal name	Si 姒	Huaxia	Royal	2070–1600 BC	430 years	Yu of Xia	Jie of Xia	(list)
Ancient China
	Shang dynasty 商朝 Shāng Cháo ㄕㄤㄔㄠˊ	Toponym	Zi 子	Huaxia	Royal	1600–1046 BC	554 years	Tang of Shang	Zhou of Shang	(list)
	Western Zhou 西周 Xī Zhōu ㄒㄧㄓㄡ	Toponym	Ji 姬	Huaxia	Royal	1046–771 BC	275 years	Wu of Zhou	You of Zhou	(list)
	Eastern Zhou 東周 Dōng Zhōu ㄉㄨㄥㄓㄡ	From Zhou dynasty	Ji 姬	Huaxia	Royal	770–256 BC	514 years	Ping of Zhou	Nan of Zhou	(list)
Early Imperial China
	Qin dynasty 秦朝 Qín Cháo ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ	Toponym	Ying 嬴	Huaxia	Imperial (221–207 BC) Royal (207 BC)	221–207 BC	14 years	Qin Shi Huang	Qin San Shi	(list)
	Western Han 西漢 Xī Hàn ㄒㄧㄏㄢˋ	Toponym & Noble title	Liu 劉	Han	Imperial	202 BC–AD 9	210 years	Gao of Han	Liu Ying	(list)
	Xin dynasty 新朝 Xīn Cháo ㄒㄧㄣㄔㄠˊ	"New"	Wang 王	Han	Imperial	AD 9–23	14 years	Wang Mang	Wang Mang	(list)
	Eastern Han 東漢 Dōng Hàn ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄢˋ	From Han dynasty	Liu 劉	Han	Imperial	AD 25–220	195 years	Guangwu of Han	Xian of Han	(list)
	Three Kingdoms 三國 Sān Guó ㄙㄢㄍㄨㄛˊ					AD 220–280	60 years			(list)
	Cao Wei 曹魏 Cáo Wèi ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ	Noble title	Cao 曹	Han	Imperial	AD 220–266	46 years	Wen of Cao Wei	Yuan of Cao Wei	(list)
	Shu Han 蜀漢 Shǔ Hàn ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ	From Han dynasty	Liu 劉	Han	Imperial	AD 221–263	42 years	Zhaolie of Shu Han	Xiaohuai of Shu Han	(list)
	Eastern Wu 東吳 Dōng Wú ㄉㄨㄥㄨˊ	Noble title	Sun 孫	Han	Royal (AD 222–229) Imperial (AD 229–280)	AD 222–280	58 years	Da of Eastern Wu	Sun Hao	(list)
	Western Jin 西晉 Xī Jìn ㄒㄧㄐㄧㄣˋ	Noble title	Sima 司馬	Han	Imperial	AD 266–316	50 years	Wu of Jin	Min of Jin	(list)
	Eastern Jin 東晉 Dōng Jìn ㄉㄨㄥㄐㄧㄣˋ	From Jin dynasty (AD 266–420)	Sima 司馬	Han	Imperial	AD 317–420	103 years	Yuan of Jin	Gong of Jin	(list)
	Sixteen Kingdoms 十六國 Shíliù Guó ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ					AD 304–439	135 years			(list)
	Han Zhao 漢趙 Hàn Zhào ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ	Toponym & From Han dynasty	Liu 劉	Xiongnu	Royal (AD 304–308) Imperial (AD 308–329)	AD 304–329	25 years	Guangwen of Han Zhao	Liu Yao	(list)
	Cheng Han 成漢 Chéng Hàn ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ	Toponym & From Han dynasty	Li 李	Di	Princely (AD 304–306) Imperial (AD 306–347)	AD 304–347	43 years	Wu of Cheng Han	Li Shi	(list)
	Later Zhao 後趙 Hòu Zhào ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ	Noble title	Shi 石	Jie	Royal (AD 319–330) Imperial (AD 330–351) Princely (AD 351)	AD 319–351	32 years	Ming of Later Zhao	Shi Zhi	(list)
	Former Liang 前涼 Qián Liáng ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ	Toponym	Zhang 張	Han	Princely (AD 320–354; AD 355–363) Imperial (AD 354–355) Ducal (AD 363–376)	AD 320–376	56 years	Cheng of Former Liang	Dao of Former Liang	(list)
	Former Yan 前燕 Qián Yān ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ	Toponym	Murong 慕容	Xianbei	Princely (AD 337–353) Imperial (AD 353–370)	AD 337–370	33 years	Wenming of Former Yan	You of Former Yan	(list)
	Former Qin 前秦 Qián Qín ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ	Toponym	Fu 苻	Di	Imperial	AD 351–394	43 years	Jingming of Former Qin	Fu Chong	(list)
	Later Yan 後燕 Hòu Yān ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ	From Former Yan	Murong 慕容	Xianbei	Princely (AD 384–386) Imperial (AD 386–409)	AD 384–409	25 years	Chengwu of Later Yan	Zhaowen of Later Yan or Huiyi of Yan	(list)
	Later Qin 後秦 Hòu Qín ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ	Toponym	Yao 姚	Qiang	Royal (AD 384–386) Imperial (AD 386–417)	AD 384–417	33 years	Wuzhao of Later Qin	Yao Hong	(list)
	Western Qin 西秦 Xī Qín ㄒㄧㄑㄧㄣˊ	Toponym	Qifu 乞伏	Xianbei	Princely	AD 385–400; AD 409–431	37 years	Xuanlie of Western Qin	Qifu Mumo	(list)
	Later Liang 後涼 Hòu Liáng ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ	Toponym	Lü 呂	Di	Ducal (AD 386–389) Princely (AD 389–396) Imperial (AD 396–403)	AD 386–403	17 years	Yiwu of Later Liang	Lü Long	(list)
	Southern Liang 南涼 Nán Liáng ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ	Toponym	Tufa 禿髮	Xianbei	Princely	AD 397–414	17 years	Wu of Southern Liang	Jing of Southern Liang	(list)
	Northern Liang 北涼 Běi Liáng ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ	Toponym	Juqu 沮渠	Xiongnu	Ducal (AD 397–399; AD 401–412) Princely (AD 399–401; AD 412–439)	AD 397–439	42 years	Duan Ye	Ai of Northern Liang	(list)
	Southern Yan 南燕 Nán Yān ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ	From Former Yan	Murong 慕容	Xianbei	Princely (AD 398–400) Imperial (AD 400–410)	AD 398–410	12 years	Xianwu of Southern Yan	Murong Chao	(list)
	Western Liang 西涼 Xī Liáng ㄒㄧㄌㄧㄤˊ	Toponym	Li 李	Han	Ducal	AD 400–421	21 years	Wuzhao of Western Liang	Li Xun	(list)
	Hu Xia 胡夏 Hú Xià ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ	From Xia dynasty	Helian 赫連	Xiongnu	Imperial	AD 407–431	24 years	Wulie of Hu Xia	Helian Ding	(list)
	Northern Yan 北燕 Běi Yān ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ	From Former Yan	Feng 馮	Han	Imperial	AD 407–436	29 years	Huiyi of Yan or Wencheng of Northern Yan	Zhaocheng of Northern Yan	(list)
	Northern dynasties 北朝 Běi Cháo ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ					AD 386–581	195 years			(list)
	Northern Wei 北魏 Běi Wèi ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ	Toponym	Tuoba 拓跋	Xianbei	Princely (AD 386–399) Imperial (AD 399–535)	AD 386–535	149 years	Daowu of Northern Wei	Xiaowu of Northern Wei	(list)
	Eastern Wei 東魏 Dōng Wèi ㄉㄨㄥㄨㄟˋ	From Northern Wei	Yuan 元	Xianbei	Imperial	AD 534–550	16 years	Xiaojing of Eastern Wei	Xiaojing of Eastern Wei	(list)
	Western Wei 西魏 Xī Wèi ㄒㄧㄨㄟˋ	From Northern Wei	Yuan 元	Xianbei	Imperial	AD 535–557	22 years	Wen of Western Wei	Gong of Western Wei	(list)
	Northern Qi 北齊 Běi Qí ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ	Noble title	Gao 高	Han	Imperial	AD 550–577	27 years	Wenxuan of Northern Qi	Gao Heng	(list)
	Northern Zhou 北周 Běi Zhōu ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ	Noble title	Yuwen 宇文	Xianbei	Imperial	AD 557–581	24 years	Xiaomin of Northern Zhou	Jing of Northern Zhou	(list)
	Southern dynasties 南朝 Nán Cháo ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ					AD 420–589	169 years			(list)
	Liu Song 劉宋 Liú Sòng ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ	Noble title	Liu 劉	Han	Imperial	AD 420–479	59 years	Wu of Liu Song	Shun of Liu Song	(list)
	Southern Qi 南齊 Nán Qí ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ	A prophecy on defeating the Liu clan	Xiao 蕭	Han	Imperial	AD 479–502	23 years	Gao of Southern Qi	He of Southern Qi	(list)
	Liang dynasty 梁朝 Liáng Cháo ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ	Toponym	Xiao 蕭	Han	Imperial	AD 502–557	55 years	Wu of Liang	Jing of Liang	(list)
	Chen dynasty 陳朝 Chén Cháo ㄔㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ	Noble title	Chen 陳	Han	Imperial	AD 557–589	32 years	Wu of Chen	Chen Shubao	(list)
Middle Imperial China
	Sui dynasty 隋朝 Suí Cháo ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄔㄠˊ	Noble title ("随" homophone)	Yang 楊	Han	Imperial	AD 581–619	38 years	Wen of Sui	Gong of Sui	(list)
	Tang dynasty 唐朝 Táng Cháo ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ	Noble title	Li 李	Han	Imperial	AD 618–690; AD 705–907	274 years	Gaozu of Tang	Ai of Tang	(list)
	Wu Zhou 武周 Wǔ Zhōu ㄨˇ ㄓㄡ	From Zhou dynasty	Wu 武	Han	Imperial	AD 690–705	15 years	Wu Zhao	Wu Zhao	(list)
	Five Dynasties 五代 Wǔ Dài ㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ					AD 907–960	53 years			(list)
	Later Liang 後梁 Hòu Liáng ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ	Noble title	Zhu 朱	Han	Imperial	AD 907–923	16 years	Taizu of Later Liang	Zhu Youzhen	(list)
	Later Tang 後唐 Hòu Táng ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄤˊ	From Tang dynasty	Li 李	Shatuo	Imperial	AD 923–937	14 years	Zhuangzong of Later Tang	Li Congke	(list)
	Later Jin 後晉 Hòu Jìn ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣˋ	Toponym	Shi 石	Shatuo	Imperial	AD 936–947	11 years	Gaozu of Later Jin	Chu of Later Jin	(list)
	Later Han 後漢 Hòu Hàn ㄏㄡˋ ㄏㄢˋ	From Han dynasty	Liu 劉	Shatuo	Imperial	AD 947–951	4 years	Gaozu of Later Han	Yin of Later Han	(list)
	Later Zhou 後周 Hòu Zhōu ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄡ	From Zhou dynasty	Guo 郭	Han	Imperial	AD 951–960	9 years	Taizu of Later Zhou	Gong of Later Zhou	(list)
	Ten Kingdoms 十國 Shí Guó ㄕˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ					AD 907–979	62 years			(list)
	Former Shu 前蜀 Qián Shǔ ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕㄨˇ	Toponym / Noble title	Wang 王	Han	Imperial	AD 907–925	18 years	Gaozu of Former Shu	Wang Yan	(list)
	Yang Wu 楊吳 Yáng Wú ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˊ	Toponym	Yang 楊	Han	Princely (AD 907–919) Royal (AD 919–927) Imperial (AD 927–937)	AD 907–937	30 years	Liezu of Yang Wu	Rui of Yang Wu	(list)
	Ma Chu 馬楚 Mǎ Chǔ ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄨˇ	Toponym	Ma 馬	Han	Royal (AD 907–930) Princely (AD 930–951)	AD 907–951	44 years	Wumu of Ma Chu	Ma Xichong	(list)
	Wuyue 吳越 Wúyuè ㄨˊ ㄩㄝˋ	Toponym	Qian 錢	Han	Royal (AD 907–932; AD 937–978) Princely (AD 934–937)	AD 907–978	71 years	Taizu of Wuyue	Zhongyi of Qin	(list)
	Min 閩 Mǐn ㄇㄧㄣˇ	Toponym	Wang 王	Han	Princely (AD 909–933; AD 944–945) Imperial (AD 933–944; AD 945)	AD 909–945	36 years	Taizu of Min	Tiande of Min	(list)
	Southern Han 南漢 Nán Hàn ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄢˋ	From Han dynasty	Liu 劉	Han	Imperial	AD 917–971	54 years	Gaozu of Southern Han	Liu Chang	(list)
	Jingnan 荊南 Jīngnán ㄐㄧㄥㄋㄢˊ	Toponym	Gao 高	Han	Princely	AD 924–963	39 years	Wuxin of Chu	Gao Jichong	(list)
	Later Shu 後蜀 Hòu Shǔ ㄏㄡˋ ㄕㄨˇ	Toponym	Meng 孟	Han	Imperial	AD 934–965	31 years	Gaozu of Later Shu	Gongxiao of Chu	(list)
	Southern Tang 南唐 Nán Táng ㄋㄢˊ ㄊㄤˊ	From Tang dynasty	Li 李	Han	Imperial (AD 937–958) Royal (AD 958–976)	AD 937–976	37 years	Liezu of Southern Tang	Li Yu	(list)
	Northern Han 北漢 Běi Hàn ㄅㄟˇ ㄏㄢˋ	From Later Han	Liu 劉	Shatuo	Imperial	AD 951–979	28 years	Shizu of Northern Han	Yingwu of Northern Han	(list)
	Liao dynasty 遼朝 Liáo Cháo ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄔㄠˊ	"Iron" (Khitan homophone) / Toponym	Yelü 耶律	Khitan	Imperial	AD 916–1125	209 years	Taizu of Liao	Tianzuo of Liao	(list)
	Western Liao 西遼 Xī Liáo ㄒㄧㄌㄧㄠˊ	From Liao dynasty	Yelü 耶律	Khitan	Royal (AD 1124–1132) Imperial (AD 1132–1218)	AD 1124–1218	94 years	Dezong of Western Liao	Kuchlug	(list)
	Northern Song 北宋 Běi Sòng ㄅㄟˇ ㄙㄨㄥˋ	Toponym	Zhao 趙	Han	Imperial	AD 960–1127	167 years	Taizu of Song	Qinzong of Song	(list)
	Southern Song 南宋 Nán Sòng ㄋㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ	From Song dynasty	Zhao 趙	Han	Imperial	AD 1127–1279	152 years	Gaozong of Song	Zhao Bing	(list)
	Western Xia 西夏 Xī Xià ㄒㄧㄒㄧㄚˋ	Toponym	Weiming 嵬名 𗼨𗆟	Tangut	Imperial	AD 1038–1227	189 years	Jingzong of Western Xia	Li Xian	(list)
	Jin dynasty 金朝 Jīn Cháo ㄐㄧㄣㄔㄠˊ	"Gold"	Wanyan 完顏	Jurchen	Imperial	AD 1115–1234	119 years	Taizu of Jin	Wanyan Chenglin	(list)
Late Imperial China
	Yuan dynasty 元朝 Yuán Cháo ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ	"Great" / "Primacy"	Borjigin 孛兒只斤 ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ	Mongol	Imperial	AD 1271–1368	97 years	Shizu of Yuan	Huizong of Yuan	(list)
	Northern Yuan 北元 Běi Yuán ㄅㄟˇ ㄩㄢˊ	From Yuan dynasty	Borjigin 孛兒只斤 ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ	Mongol	Imperial	AD 1368–1635	267 years	Huizong of Yuan	Tianyuan of Northern Yuan or Borjigin Ejei Khongghor	(list)
	Ming dynasty 明朝 Míng Cháo ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄠˊ	"Bright"	Zhu 朱	Han	Imperial	AD 1368–1644	276 years	Hongwu	Chongzhen	(list)
	Southern Ming 南明 Nán Míng ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ	From Ming dynasty	Zhu 朱	Han	Imperial	AD 1644–1662	18 years	Hongguang	Yongli or Dingwu	(list)
	Later Jin 後金 Hòu Jīn ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ	From Jin dynasty (AD 1115–1234)	Aisin Gioro 愛新覺羅 ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ	Jurchen	Royal	AD 1616–1636	20 years	Tianming	Taizong of Qing	(list)
	Qing dynasty 清朝 Qīng Cháo ㄑㄧㄥㄔㄠˊ	"Pure"	Aisin Gioro 愛新覺羅 ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ	Manchu	Imperial	AD 1636–1912	276 years	Taizong of Qing	Xuantong	(list)

نطقب:Box

انظر أيضاً

Ancient Chinese states
Chinese historiography
Chinese imperialism
Chinese sovereign
Conquest dynasty
عرش التنين
Dynastic cycle
East Asian cultural sphere
الممالك الثمانية عشر
Emperor at home, king abroad
امبراطور الصين
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (early)
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)
Fanzhen
Fengjian
Golden ages of China
Head of the former Chinese imperial clan
Head of the House of Aisin Gioro
Historical capitals of China
Jiedushi
Jimi system
List of Chinese monarchs
List of recipients of tribute from China
List of tributary states of China
Mandate of Heaven
Monarchy of China
Names of China
Pax Sinica
Six Dynasties
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
Tianxia
Timeline of Chinese history
Tributary system of China
Tusi
Twenty-Four Histories
Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
Xinhai Revolution
Zhonghua minzu

Notes

^ All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China after the success of the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the Chinese monarchy.
^ The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical nomenclature. These should not be confused with the guóhào officially proclaimed by each dynasty. A dynasty may be known by more than one historiographical name.
^ The Chinese characters shown are in Traditional Chinese. Some characters may have simplified versions that are currently used in Mainland China. For instance, the characters for the Eastern Han are written as "東漢" in Traditional Chinese and "东汉" in Simplified Chinese.
^ While Hanyu Pinyin is the most common form of romanization currently in adoption, some scholarly works utilize the Wade–Giles system, which may differ drastically in the spelling of certain words. For instance, the Qing dynasty is rendered as "Ch῾ing dynasty" in Wade–Giles.
^ While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who had mixed heritage. For instance, the Jiaqing Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty was of mixed Manchu and Han descent, having derived his Han ancestry from his mother, the Empress Xiaoyichun.
^ The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the chief title bore by its monarch at any given time.
^ The monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to posthumously honor earlier members of the family as monarchs. For instance, while the Later Jin was officially established by the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin, four earlier members of the ruling house were posthumously accorded imperial titles, the most senior of which was Shi Jing who was conferred the temple name Jingzu (靖祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Xiao'an (孝安皇帝).
^ The dates given for the Xia dynasty, the Shang dynasty, and the Western Zhou prior to the start of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are derived from the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project.
^ The Xia dynasty was interrupted by the rule of Yi and Han Zhuo for approximately 40 years. Sources disagree on the dates of the start and end of the interregnum. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed prior to the interregnum and the restored realm. The King Xiang of Xia was the last ruler before the interregnum; the King Shao Kang of Xia was the first ruler after the interregnum.
^ The rule of the Xia dynasty was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC, lasting 399 years excluding the 40-year interregnum, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
^ The rule of the Shang dynasty was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC, lasting 644 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
^ The Western Zhou (西周) and the Eastern Zhou (東周) are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty (周朝; Zhōu Cháo).
^ The rule of the Western Zhou was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC, lasting 351 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
^ The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial dynasties, particularly those that had achieved the unification of China proper.
^ The Western Han (西漢) and the Eastern Han (東漢) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (漢朝; Hàn Cháo).
^ The Western Jin (西晉) and the Eastern Jin (東晉) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (晉朝; Jìn Cháo).
^ The names of the Jin dynasty (晉朝) of the Sima clan and the Jin dynasty (金朝) of the Wanyan clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
^ The ruling house of the Han Zhao initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮).Liu (劉) was subsequently adopted as the surname prior to the establishment of the Han Zhao.
^ The ruling house of the Former Qin initially bore the surname Pu (蒲).Fu (苻) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin prior to the establishment of the Former Qin.
^ As Lan Han, surnamed Lan (蘭), was not a member of the Murong (慕容) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The Later Yan ended in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 23 years or 25 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.
^ The Emperor Huiyi of Yan could either be the last Later Yan monarch or the founder of the Northern Yan depending on the historian's characterization.
^ The Western Qin was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 400 and the realm restored in AD 409. The Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.
^ The names of the Later Liang (後涼) of the Lü clan and the Later Liang (後梁) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Liang".
^ Duan Ye, surnamed Duan (段), was of Han Chinese descent. The enthronement of the Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The ruling house of the Hu Xia initially bore the surname Liu (劉). The Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia subsequently adopted Helian (赫連) as the surname.
^ The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan. The enthronement of the Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The Northern Yan was established in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 29 years or 27 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.
^ The ruling house of the Northern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequently adopted Yuan (元) as the surname.
^ The ruling house of the Western Wei initially bore the surname Yuan (元). The Emperor Gong of Western Wei subsequently adopted Tuoba (拓跋) as the surname.
^ The ruling house of the Sui dynasty initially bore the surname Yang (楊). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Puliuru (普六茹) upon the family. The Emperor Wen of Sui subsequently restored Yang as the surname.
^ The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the Wu Zhou between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 690 and the realm restored in AD 705. The Emperor Ruizong of Tang was the last ruler before the interregnum; the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was the first ruler after the interregnum.
^ The ruling house of the Later Tang initially bore the surname Zhuye (朱邪).Li (李) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang prior to the establishment of the Later Tang.
^ The Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ Li Congke was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed Wang (王), he was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The names of the Later Jin (後晉) of the Shi clan and the Later Jin (後金) of the Aisin Gioro clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
^ The Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, originally surnamed Chai (柴), was an adopted member of the Guo (郭) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ As Zhu Wenjin, surnamed Zhu (朱), was not a member of the Wang (王) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The ruling house of the Southern Tang initially bore the surname Xu (徐). The Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang subsequently adopted Li (李) as the surname.
^ The Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed He (何), he was an adopted member of the Liu (劉) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
^ Kuchlug, originally without surname, was of Naiman descent. As he was not a member of the Yelü (耶律) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
^ The Northern Song (北宋) and the Southern Song (南宋) are collectively known as the Song dynasty (宋朝; Sòng Cháo).
^ The ruling house of the Western Xia initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty later bestowed the surnames Li (李) and Zhao (趙) upon the family respectively. The Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia subsequently adopted Weiming (嵬名) as the surname.
^ Choros Esen, surnamed Choros (綽羅斯), was of Oirat descent. As he was not a member of the Borjigin (孛兒只斤) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
^ Traditional Chinese historiography considers the Northern Yuan to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402, lasting either 20 years or 34 years. However, some historians regard the Mongol regime that existed from AD 1388 or AD 1402 up to AD 1635—referred to in the History of Ming as "Dada" (韃靼)—as a direct continuation of the Northern Yuan.
^ The existence and identity of the Dingwu Emperor, supposedly reigned from 1646 CE to 1664 CE, are disputed. Hence, most historians regard the Yongli Emperor as the final monarch of the Southern Ming.
^ The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing.
^ The Qing dynasty was briefly restored between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917. The movement was led by Zhang Xun who reinstalled the Xuantong Emperor to the Chinese throne. Due to the abortive nature of the event, it is usually excluded from the Qing history.

المراجع

Citations

^ Keay, John (2010). . ISBN .
^ Ebrey, Patricia; Liu, Kwang-Ching (2010). . p. 10. ISBN .
^ Chan, Joseph (2013). . p. 213. ISBN .
^ Qi, Zhixiang (2016). . p. 21. ISBN .
^ "Qing dynasty". Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ "中国历史上的十大混血皇帝，有人居然有黑人血统". Retrieved 5 March 2020.
^ Zhu, Weizheng (2015). . p. 301. ISBN .
^ Shang, Long; Yang, Fei (2005). . p. 56. ISBN .
^ Ivanhoe, Philip; Van Norden, Bryan (2005). . p. 385. ISBN .
^ Tan, Koon San (2014). . p. 8. ISBN .
^ Zheng, Wang (2012). . p. 44. ISBN .
^ Tan (2014). p. 17.
^ Westmoreland, Perry (2019). . ISBN .
^ Law, Eugene (2004). . p. 11. ISBN .
^ Loh, Shen Yeow (2019). . ISBN .
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ChineseEmpire1
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ChineseEmpire2
^ Shaughnessy, Edward (2014). . p. 19. ISBN .
^ Li, Xiaobing (2012). . p. 485. ISBN .
^ Zhang, Qizhi (2015). . p. 92. ISBN .
^ McLeod, Alexus (2016). . p. 85. ISBN .
^ Tse, Wicky (2018). . ISBN .
^ Pei, Kuangyi (2018). . ISBN .
^ Dai, Meike; Wei, Weisen (2016). . p. 122. ISBN .
^ Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019). . p. 123. ISBN .
^ Zhou, Jiarong (2017). . p. 41. ISBN .
^ Mao, Zengyin (2005). . p. 90. ISBN .
^ Mai, Jinsheng (2017). . p. 254. ISBN .
^ Wang, Eugene (2005). . p. 13. ISBN .
^ Shen, Songying (2016). . ISBN .
^ Zhou, Weizhou (2006). . p. 2. ISBN .
^ Xu, Junyuan; Zhang, Zhanjun; Shi, Yuxin (1986). . p. 65.
^ McMahon, Keith (2013). . p. 123. ISBN .
^ Fan, Ru; Pan, Xinghui (2010). . p. 213. ISBN .
^ Swartz, Wendy; Yang, Lu; Jessy, Choo (2014). . p. 30. ISBN .
^ Whiteman, Stephen (2019). . p. 225. ISBN .
^ Duthie, Torquil (2014). . p. 27. ISBN .
^ Chen, Zaiming (2004). . p. 82. ISBN .
^ Liu, Xueyao (2005). . p. 41. ISBN .
^ Liu, Xueyao (2012). . ISBN .
^ Steinhardt, Nancy (2014). . p. 28. ISBN .
^ Xiao, Shiyou (2013). . p. 69. ISBN .
^ Adamek, Piotr (2017). . p. 344. ISBN .
^ Zhao, Yonghong (2010). . ISBN .
^ Liu, Xingchu (2009). . ISBN .
^ Lü, Fu (2017). . p. 154.
^ Qin, Dashu; Yuan, Jian (2013). . p. 153. ISBN .
^ Wan, Guoding; Wan, Sinian; Chen, Mengjia (2018). . ISBN .
^ Zhang, Qizhi; Wang, Zijin; Fang, Guanghua (2002). . p. 335. ISBN .
^ Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). . ISBN .
^ Hong, Yuan (2018). . ISBN .
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^ Kessler, Adam (2012). . p. 77. ISBN .
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^ Xing, Chunru; Li, Munan; Jie, Baofeng; Liu, Xinlian (2007). .
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^ Zhong, Guochang (2019). . p. 3. ISBN .
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة MonarchyRestoration2
^ Forêt, Philippe (2000). . p. 13. ISBN .

المصادر

China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, 188–89; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.

وصلات خارجية

Columbia University.
Tan Qixiang.

[MonarchyRestoration-1] All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China after the success of the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the Chinese monarchy.

[Name-6] The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical nomenclature. These should not be confused with the guóhào officially proclaimed by each dynasty. A dynasty may be known by more than one historiographical name.

[ChineseCharacters-7] The Chinese characters shown are in Traditional Chinese. Some characters may have simplified versions that are currently used in Mainland China. For instance, the characters for the Eastern Han are written as "東漢" in Traditional Chinese and "东汉" in Simplified Chinese.

[Pinyin-9] While Hanyu Pinyin is the most common form of romanization currently in adoption, some scholarly works utilize the Wade–Giles system, which may differ drastically in the spelling of certain words. For instance, the Qing dynasty is rendered as "Ch῾ing dynasty" in Wade–Giles.

[Ethnicity-12] While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who had mixed heritage. For instance, the Jiaqing Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty was of mixed Manchu and Han descent, having derived his Han ancestry from his mother, the Empress Xiaoyichun.

[Status-13] The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the chief title bore by its monarch at any given time.

[Founder-14] The monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to posthumously honor earlier members of the family as monarchs. For instance, while the Later Jin was officially established by the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin, four earlier members of the ruling house were posthumously accorded imperial titles, the most senior of which was Shi Jing who was conferred the temple name Jingzu (靖祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Xiao'an (孝安皇帝).

[Xia.E2.80.93Shang.E2.80.93Zhou-15] The dates given for the Xia dynasty, the Shang dynasty, and the Western Zhou prior to the start of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are derived from the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project.

[Xia-17] The Xia dynasty was interrupted by the rule of Yi and Han Zhuo for approximately 40 years. Sources disagree on the dates of the start and end of the interregnum. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed prior to the interregnum and the restored realm. The King Xiang of Xia was the last ruler before the interregnum; the King Shao Kang of Xia was the first ruler after the interregnum.

[TraditionalXia-20] The rule of the Xia dynasty was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC, lasting 399 years excluding the 40-year interregnum, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.

[TraditionalShang-23] The rule of the Shang dynasty was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC, lasting 644 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.

[Zhou-26] The Western Zhou (西周) and the Eastern Zhou (東周) are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty (周朝; Zhōu Cháo).

[TraditionalZhou-27] The rule of the Western Zhou was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC, lasting 351 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.

[ChineseEmpire-31] The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial dynasties, particularly those that had achieved the unification of China proper.

[Han-34] The Western Han (西漢) and the Eastern Han (東漢) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (漢朝; Hàn Cháo).

[Jin1-43] The Western Jin (西晉) and the Eastern Jin (東晉) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (晉朝; Jìn Cháo).

[Jin2-44] The names of the Jin dynasty (晉朝) of the Sima clan and the Jin dynasty (金朝) of the Wanyan clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".

[Luandi-50] The ruling house of the Han Zhao initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮).Liu (劉) was subsequently adopted as the surname prior to the establishment of the Han Zhao.

[Pu-57] The ruling house of the Former Qin initially bore the surname Pu (蒲).Fu (苻) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin prior to the establishment of the Former Qin.

[LanHan-59] As Lan Han, surnamed Lan (蘭), was not a member of the Murong (慕容) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.

[GaoYun1-61] The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[LaterYan-62] The Later Yan ended in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 23 years or 25 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.

[GaoYun2-64] The Emperor Huiyi of Yan could either be the last Later Yan monarch or the founder of the Northern Yan depending on the historian's characterization.

[WesternQin-67] The Western Qin was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 400 and the realm restored in AD 409. The Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.

[LaterLiang-68] The names of the Later Liang (後涼) of the Lü clan and the Later Liang (後梁) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Liang".

[DuanYe-72] Duan Ye, surnamed Duan (段), was of Han Chinese descent. The enthronement of the Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[Helian-77] The ruling house of the Hu Xia initially bore the surname Liu (劉). The Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia subsequently adopted Helian (赫連) as the surname.

[GaoYun3-79] The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan. The enthronement of the Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[NorthernYan-80] The Northern Yan was established in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 29 years or 27 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.

[Tuoba1-84] The ruling house of the Northern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequently adopted Yuan (元) as the surname.

[Tuoba2-88] The ruling house of the Western Wei initially bore the surname Yuan (元). The Emperor Gong of Western Wei subsequently adopted Tuoba (拓跋) as the surname.

[Yang-95] The ruling house of the Sui dynasty initially bore the surname Yang (楊). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Puliuru (普六茹) upon the family. The Emperor Wen of Sui subsequently restored Yang as the surname.

[Tang-98] The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the Wu Zhou between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 690 and the realm restored in AD 705. The Emperor Ruizong of Tang was the last ruler before the interregnum; the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was the first ruler after the interregnum.

[Zhuye-103] The ruling house of the Later Tang initially bore the surname Zhuye (朱邪).Li (李) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang prior to the establishment of the Later Tang.

[LiSiyuan-105] The Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[LiCongke-107] Li Congke was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed Wang (王), he was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[LaterJin-109] The names of the Later Jin (後晉) of the Shi clan and the Later Jin (後金) of the Aisin Gioro clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".

[ChaiRong-112] The Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, originally surnamed Chai (柴), was an adopted member of the Guo (郭) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[ZhuWenjin-118] As Zhu Wenjin, surnamed Zhu (朱), was not a member of the Wang (王) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.

[Xu-120] The ruling house of the Southern Tang initially bore the surname Xu (徐). The Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang subsequently adopted Li (李) as the surname.

[LiuJiyuan-123] The Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed He (何), he was an adopted member of the Liu (劉) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.

[Kuchlug-128] Kuchlug, originally without surname, was of Naiman descent. As he was not a member of the Yelü (耶律) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.

[Song-131] The Northern Song (北宋) and the Southern Song (南宋) are collectively known as the Song dynasty (宋朝; Sòng Cháo).

[Weiming-135] The ruling house of the Western Xia initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty later bestowed the surnames Li (李) and Zhao (趙) upon the family respectively. The Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia subsequently adopted Weiming (嵬名) as the surname.

[ChorosEsen-141] Choros Esen, surnamed Choros (綽羅斯), was of Oirat descent. As he was not a member of the Borjigin (孛兒只斤) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.

[NorthernYuan-145] Traditional Chinese historiography considers the Northern Yuan to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402, lasting either 20 years or 34 years. However, some historians regard the Mongol regime that existed from AD 1388 or AD 1402 up to AD 1635—referred to in the History of Ming as "Dada" (韃靼)—as a direct continuation of the Northern Yuan.

[Dingwu-149] The existence and identity of the Dingwu Emperor, supposedly reigned from 1646 CE to 1664 CE, are disputed. Hence, most historians regard the Yongli Emperor as the final monarch of the Southern Ming.

[Jurchen-152] The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing.

[ManchuRestoration-155] The Qing dynasty was briefly restored between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917. The movement was led by Zhang Xun who reinstalled the Xuantong Emperor to the Chinese throne. Due to the abortive nature of the event, it is usually excluded from the Qing history.

[Periodization-2] Keay, John (2010). . ISBN .

[YuTheGreat-3] Ebrey, Patricia; Liu, Kwang-Ching (2010). . p. 10. ISBN .

[JiaTianxia-4] Chan, Joseph (2013). . p. 213. ISBN .

[GongTianxia-5] Qi, Zhixiang (2016). . p. 21. ISBN .

[Wade.E2.80.93Giles-8] "Qing dynasty". Retrieved 18 November 2019.

[Ethnicity1-10] "中国历史上的十大混血皇帝，有人居然有黑人血统". Retrieved 5 March 2020.

[Ethnicity2-11] Zhu, Weizheng (2015). . p. 301. ISBN .

[Xia-16] Shang, Long; Yang, Fei (2005). . p. 56. ISBN .

[TraditionalXiaShangZhou-18] Ivanhoe, Philip; Van Norden, Bryan (2005). . p. 385. ISBN .

[TraditionalXia-19] Tan, Koon San (2014). . p. 8. ISBN .

[Year1-21] Zheng, Wang (2012). . p. 44. ISBN .

[TraditionalShangZhou-22] Tan (2014). p. 17.

[Year2-24] Westmoreland, Perry (2019). . ISBN .

[Zhou-25] Law, Eugene (2004). . p. 11. ISBN .

[Year3-28] Loh, Shen Yeow (2019). . ISBN .

[ChineseEmpire1-29] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ChineseEmpire1

[ChineseEmpire2-30] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ChineseEmpire2

[Year4-32] Shaughnessy, Edward (2014). . p. 19. ISBN .

[Han-33] Li, Xiaobing (2012). . p. 485. ISBN .

[Year5-35] Zhang, Qizhi (2015). . p. 92. ISBN .

[Year6-36] McLeod, Alexus (2016). . p. 85. ISBN .

[Year7-37] Tse, Wicky (2018). . ISBN .

[Year8-38] Pei, Kuangyi (2018). . ISBN .

[Year9-39] Dai, Meike; Wei, Weisen (2016). . p. 122. ISBN .

[Year10-40] Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019). . p. 123. ISBN .

[Year11-41] Zhou, Jiarong (2017). . p. 41. ISBN .

[Jin-42] Mao, Zengyin (2005). . p. 90. ISBN .

[Year12-45] Mai, Jinsheng (2017). . p. 254. ISBN .

[Year13-46] Wang, Eugene (2005). . p. 13. ISBN .

[Year14-47] Shen, Songying (2016). . ISBN .

[Luandi1-48] Zhou, Weizhou (2006). . p. 2. ISBN .

[Luandi2-49] Xu, Junyuan; Zhang, Zhanjun; Shi, Yuxin (1986). . p. 65.

[Year15-51] McMahon, Keith (2013). . p. 123. ISBN .

[Year16-52] Fan, Ru; Pan, Xinghui (2010). . p. 213. ISBN .

[Year17-53] Swartz, Wendy; Yang, Lu; Jessy, Choo (2014). . p. 30. ISBN .

[Year18-54] Whiteman, Stephen (2019). . p. 225. ISBN .

[Year19-55] Duthie, Torquil (2014). . p. 27. ISBN .

[Pu-56] Chen, Zaiming (2004). . p. 82. ISBN .

[LanHan-58] Liu, Xueyao (2005). . p. 41. ISBN .

[GaoYun-60] Liu, Xueyao (2012). . ISBN .

[Year20-63] Steinhardt, Nancy (2014). . p. 28. ISBN .

[Year21-65] Xiao, Shiyou (2013). . p. 69. ISBN .

[Year22-66] Adamek, Piotr (2017). . p. 344. ISBN .

[Year23-69] Zhao, Yonghong (2010). . ISBN .

[Year24-70] Liu, Xingchu (2009). . ISBN .

[DuanYe-71] Lü, Fu (2017). . p. 154.

[Year25-73] Qin, Dashu; Yuan, Jian (2013). . p. 153. ISBN .

[Year26-74] Wan, Guoding; Wan, Sinian; Chen, Mengjia (2018). . ISBN .

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[MonarchyRestoration2-154] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة MonarchyRestoration2

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تاريخ الصين
القديم
السادة الثلاثة والأباطرة الخمسة
أسرة شيا 2070–1600 ق.م.
أسرة شانگ 1600–1046 ق.م.
أسرة ژو 1122–256 ق.م.
ژوالغربية
ژوالشرقية
فترة الربيع والخريف
فترة الممالك المتحاربة
الامبراطوري
أسرة تشين 221 ق.م.–206 ق.م.
أسرة هان 206 ق.م.–220 م
هان الغربية
أسرة شين
هان الشرقية
الممالك الثلاث 220–280
وِيْ, شوووو
أسرة جين 265–420
جين الغربية
جين الشرقية	16 مملكة 304–439
الأسر الجنوبية والشمالية 420–589
أسرة سوي 581–619
أسرة تانگ 618–907
عشرة ممالك 907–960	أسرة لياو 907–1125

أسرة سونگ 960–1279
سونگ الشمالية		شيا غ.
سونگ الجنوبية	أسرة جين
أسرة يوان 1271–1368
أسرة مينگ 1368–1644
أسرة تشينگ 1644–1911
المعاصر
تاريخ جمهورية الصين 1912–1949
الصين الشعبية 1949–للحاضر	جمهورية الصين (على تايوان) 1949-للحاضر
منطقات ذات صلة خط زمني للتاريخ الصيني أسر التاريخ الصيني التاريخ الاقتصادي للصين التاريخ اللغوي للصين التاريخ القانوني للصين تاريخ الفن الصيني تاريخ الفهم والتكنولوجيا في الصين تاريخ التعليم في الصين التاريخ العسكري للصين التاريخ البحري للصين
هذا الصندوق: