تشين شي هوانگ (بالصينية: 秦始皇; حرفياً "First Emperor of Qin" النطق ()؛ 18 فبراير 259 ق.م. –عشرة سبتمبر 210 ق.م.)، هومؤسس أسرة تشين (秦朝) وكان أول أباطرة الصين الموحدة. وُلد باسم ينگ ژنگ (嬴政) أوژاوژنگ (趙政)، أمير دولة تشين. أصبح الملك ژنگ من تشين (秦王政) عندما بلغ الثالثة عشر من عمره، ثم أول امبراطور للصين عندما كان في الثامنة والثلاثين بعدما غزت تشين جميع الدويلات المتناحرة وتوحيد عموم الصين عام 221 ق.م. بدلاً من الاحتفاظ بلقب "الملك" الذي حمله حكام تشانگ وژوو، حكم باسم الامبراطور الأول (始皇帝) من أسرة تشين من 220 حتى 210 ق.م. وابتكر لقب شخصي لنفسه، "الامبراطور" (皇帝، هوانگ‌دي ())، كما أشار إليه استخدامه لحدثة "الأول"، والذي استمر استخدامه من قبل الحكام الصينيين في الألفيتين التاليتين.

في عهده، توسع جنرالاته بشكل كبير في مساحة الدولة الصينية: الحملات الجنوبية على تشووالتي أضافت بشكل دائم أراضي يوه في هونان وگوانگ‌دونگ إلى النطاق الثقافي الصيني؛ الحملات في آسيا الوسطى لغزوهضبة أوردوس من شيونگ‌نوالبدو، بالرغم من أنها في النهاية أدت أيضاً إلى الاتحاد تحت مودوتشيانو. كذلك عمل تشين شي هوانگ مع وزيره لي سي لتطبيق اصلاحات اقتصادية وسياسية هدفت إلى توحيد الممارسات المتنوعة للدويلات الصينية المبكرة. تقليدياً ينطق أنه حظر وحرق الكثير من الخط وأعدم الفهماء، على الرغم من حتى التحري الدقيق يجعل هذه الأقاويل مثاراً للشك. مشروعات الأشغال العامة في عهده تضمنت توحيد أسوار الدويلات المتفرقة في سور الصين العظيم ونظام طرقات وطني حديث ضخم، فضلاً عن ضريح بحجم المدينة تحت حراسة جيش التراكوتا بالحجم الطبيعي. حكم حتى وفاته عام 210 ق.م. بعد درس عقيم عن إكسير الخلود.

أصل الاسم

الميلاد والنسب

الصين قبل توليه الحكم

كانت الصين قبل هذا الإمبراطور ممزقة ، وكان أمراؤها يتصارعون ويتقاتلون. فعاشت هذه الإمارات في ظروف حربية مهلكة. إلا حتى إحدى الولايات واسمها الصين (تشين) اعتنقت المبادىء السلوكية الضرورية، أي اعتنقت فلسفة ترى أنه من الضروري حتىقد يكون للإنسان وللدولة أيضاً مبادىء قوية وملزمة، وأن هذه المبادىء على الرغم من حتى الحاكم هومن يقرها ويضعها ولابد حتى تكن سارية على الجميع وأن الحاكم يجب حتىقد يكون قدوة حسنة. وبفضل هذا المبدأ أصبحت هذه الولاية أقوى الولايات الصينية. واستطاع تشي حتى ينصب نفسه ملكاً عل الصين كلها اطلق على نفسه "تشي هانگ تي" أي إمبراطور الصين العظيم.

كملك لتشين

الوصاية على العرش

محاولة انقلاب لاوأي

محاولة الاغتيال الأولى

منطق رئيسي: جينگ كه

محاولة الاغتيال الثانية

منطق رئيسي: گاوجيانلي

توحيد الصين

منطق رئيسي: حروب چين للتوحيد

In 230 BC, King Zheng unleashed the final campaigns of the فترة الدويلات المتناحرة, setting out to conquer the remaining independent kingdoms, one by one.

The first state to fall was Hán (韓; sometimes called Hann to distinguish it from the Hàn 漢 of Han dynasty), in 230 BC. Then Qin took advantage of natural disasters in 229 BC to invade and conquer Zhào, where Qin Shi Huang had been born. He now avenged his poor treatment as a child hostage there, seeking out and killing his enemies.

Qin armies conquered the state of Zhao in 228 BC, the northern country of Yan in 226 BC, the small state of Wei in 225 BC, and the largest state and greatest challenge, Chu, in 223 BC.

In 222 BC, the last remnants of Yan and the royal family were captured in لياودونگ in the northeast. The only independent country left was now state of Qi, in the far east, what is now the Shandong peninsula. Terrified, the young king of Qi sent 200,000 people to defend his western borders. In 221 BC, the Qin armies invaded from the north, captured the king, and annexed Qi. Some of the strategies Qin used to unify China were to standardize the trade and communication, currency and language.

For the first time, all of China^{[محل شك]} was unified under one powerful ruler. In that same year, King Zheng proclaimed himself the "First Emperor" (始皇帝, Shǐ Huángdì), no longer a king in the old sense and now far surpassing the achievements of the old Zhou Dynasty rulers. The emperor made the He Shi Bi into the Imperial Seal, known as the "Heirloom Seal of the Realm". The words, "Having received the Mandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life." (受命於天，既壽永昌) were written by Prime Minister Li Si, and carved onto the seal by Sun Shou. The Seal was later passed from emperor to emperor for generations to come.

In the South, military expansion in the form of campaigns against the Yue tribes continued during his reign, with various regions being annexed to what is now Guangdong province and part of today's Vietnam.

كامبراطور لتشين

سياسته الداخلية

بسرعة شديدة أدخل تشي تعديلات جهرية لما يجب حتى تكون علي باقي اللايات من وحدة واستقرار انضباط ، وقام بتقسيم دلته إلى 36 لاية جعل لكل منها حاكماً مدنياً وجعل لها جيشاً . وعين لكل جيش قائد . ثم أنه جعل هذه المناصب بالتعيين وليست وراثية ، اضافة إلى ذلك عين قائداً أومستشاراً ليوازن بين الحاكم المدني والحاكم العسكري حتى لا يتفرد أحد بالسلطة .

أصدر بعد ذلك قراراً بنقل الأغنياء والطبقة الأرستقراطية إلى العاصمة ليكونوا تحت رقابته الشديدة .

ربط المدن والعواصم بطرق واسعة طيلة وأعرب بضوح : أنه مالم تكن الدولة مرتبطة ببعضها البعض فلنقد يكون سهلاً على الحاكم حتى يسيطر عليها .

وعلى الرغم من ذكائه في اختيار القادة وحكام الولايات ربط البلاط ربطاً محكماً، وتوحيد الصين والموازين والمقاييس وأحجام العربات وأشكال الحروف. فإنه أرتكب أحد أكبر حماقات التاريخ، فإنه احرق جميع الخط في عصره ولم يستبق إلا بعض الخط عن الزراعة والصناعة، وينطق انه احتفظ بنسخة من جميع كتاب أحرقه وأودعها مخطة القصر، ولكن لا يوجد أي مرشد مؤكد على ذلك. فقد أراد بهذا العمل الحمق حتى يقضي على كونفوشيوس وكل تعاليمه الأخلاقية.

الاصلاحات الإدارية

الاصلاحات الاقتصادية

الفلسفة

منطق رئيسيs: الشرعوية (فلسفة صينية) and حرق الخط ودفن الفهماء

Qin Shi Huang also followed the school of the five elements, earth, wood, metal, fire and water.（五德終始說） Zhao Zheng's birth element is water, which is connected with the colour black. It was also believed that the royal house of the previous dynasty Zhou had ruled by the power of fire, which was the colour red. The new Qin dynasty must be ruled by the next element on the list, which is water, represented by the colour black. Black became the colour for garments, flags, pennants. Other associations include north as the cardinal direction, winter season and the number six. Tallies and official hats were 15 centimetres (6 in) long, carriages two metres (6 ft) wide, one pace (步, Bù) was 1.4 metres (4.6 ft).

بينما كانت فترة الدويلات المتناحرة السابقة تتسم بالقتال الدائم، it was also considered the golden age of free thought. Qin Shi Huang eliminated the Hundred Schools of Thought which incorporated Confucianism and other philosophies. After the unification of China, with all other schools of thought banned, legalism became the endorsed ideology of the Qin dynasty, which was basically a system that required the people to follow the laws or be punished accordingly.

Beginning in 213 BC, at the instigation of Li Si and to avoid scholars' comparisons of his reign with the past, Qin Shi Huang ordered most existing books to be burned with the exception of those on astrology, agriculture, medicine, divination, and the history of the State of Qin. This would also serve the purpose of furthering the ongoing reformation of the writing system by removing examples of obsolete scripts. Owning the Book of Songs or the Classic of History was to be punished especially severely. According to the later Records of the Grand Historian, the following year Qin Shi Huang had some 460 scholars buried alive for owning the forbidden books. The emperor's oldest son Fusu criticised him for this act.

Recent research suggests that the “burying of the Confucian scholars alive” is a Confucian martyrs’ legend; rather, the emperor ordered the killing (坑 kēng) of a group of alchemists after having found that they had fooled him. In Han times, the Confucian scholars, who had served the Qin loyally, used that incident to distance themselves from the failed dynasty. Kong Anguo (孔安國 ca. 165 - ca. 74 BC), a descendant of Confucius, turned the alchemists (方士 fāngshì) into Confucianists (儒 rú) and entwined the martyrs´ legend with the strange story of the rediscovery of the lost Confucian books behind a demolished wall in the house of his ancestors. The emperor's own library still had copies of the forbidden books but most of these were destroyed later when Xiang Yu burned the palaces of Xianyang in 206 BC.

محاولة الاغتيال الثالثة

منطق رئيسي: ژان ليانگ (الهان الغربيون)

الأشغال العامة

منطق رئيسيs: سور الصين العظيم and قناة لينگ‌چو

السور العظيم

The Qin fought nomadic tribes to the north and north-west. The Xiongnu tribes were not defeated and subdued, thus the campaign was tiring and unsuccessful, and to prevent the Xiongnu from encroaching on the northern frontier any longer, the emperor ordered the construction of an immense defensive wall. هذا السور، الذي حشد لبنائه مئات الآلاف من الرجال، توفي منهم أعداد غير معروفة، هوسابق لـسور الصين العظيم الحالي. It connected numerous state walls which had been built during the previous four centuries, a network of small walls linking river defences to impassable cliffs.

قناة لينگ‌چو

A famous South China quotation was "In the North there is the Great wall, in the South there is the Lingqu canal" (北有長城、南有靈渠, Běiyǒu chángchéng, nányǒu língqú). In 214 BC the Emperor began the project of a major canal to transport supplies to the army. The canal allows water transport between north and south China. The canal, 34 kilometres in length, links the Xiang River which flows into the Yangtze and the Li Jiang, which flows into the Pearl River. The canal connected two of China's major waterways and aided Qin's expansion into the south-west. The construction is considered one of the three great feats of Ancient Chinese engineering, the others being the Great Wall and the Sichuan Dujiangyan Irrigation System.

سياسته الخارجية

أما سياسته الخارجية فكانت هي الأخرى عنيفة ، فقد كان على علاقة متينة بجيرانه ، كما حتى جيوشه لم تتوقف عن غزوالبلاد الأخرى الواقعة في الشمال وضمها إلى الصين ، ثم أنه ربط الأسوار الواقعة على حدود الصين بعضها ببعض ، فكان سور الصين العظيم، الذي ما يزال قائماً حتى اليوم وبسبب هذه الحروب الكبيرة فقد فرض ضرائب كبيرة على الناس، فكرهه الناس، وكان من الصعب إسقاطه، لذلك حاول الشعب اغتياله. ولم يفلخ أحد في ذلك. إلا انه توفي في فراشه، وبعد وفاته تولى العرش ابنه الثاني، ولم يبقى في مسقطه سوى أربعة سنوات أنتهت بإغتياله، وبموت ابنه هذا انهارت إمبراطورية الصين.

إكسير الحياة

Later in his life, Qin Shi Huang feared death and desperately sought the fabled elixir of life, which would supposedly allow him to live forever. He was obsessed with acquiring immortality and fell prey to many who offered him supposed elixirs. He visited Zhifu Island three times in order to achieve immortality.

In one case he sent Xu Fu, a Zhifu islander, with ships carrying hundreds of young men and women in search of the mystical Penglai mountain. They were sent to find Anqi Sheng, a 1,000-year-old magician whom Qin Shi Huang had supposedly met in his travels and who had invited him to seek him there. These people never returned, perhaps because they knew that if they returned without the promised elixir, they would surely be executed. Legends claim that they reached Japan and colonized it. It is also possible that the book burning, a purge on what could be seen as wasteful and useless literature, was, in part, an attempt to focus the minds of the Emperor's best scholars on the alchemical quest. Some of the executed scholars were those who had been unable to offer any evidence of their supernatural schemes. This may have been the ultimate means of testing their abilities: if any of them had magic powers, then they would surely come back to life when they were let out again. Since the great emperor was afraid of death and "evil spirits", he had workers build a series of tunnels and passageways to each of his palaces (he owned over 200), because traveling unseen would supposedly keep him safe from the evil spirits. Qin Shi Huang was said to have died by drinking mercury, believing it to be an elixir of immortality.

وفاته والأحداث اللاحقة

In 211 BC a large meteor is said to have fallen in Dōngjùn (東郡) in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. On it, an unknown person inscribed the words "The First Emperor will die and his land will be divided" (始皇死而地分). When the emperor heard of this, he sent an imperial secretary to investigate this prophecy. No one would confess to the deed, so all the people living nearby were put to death. The stone was then burned and pulverized.

The Emperor died during one of his tours of Eastern China, on September 10, 210 BC (Julian Calendar) at the palace in Shaqiu prefecture (沙丘平台, Shāqiū Píngtái), about two months away by road from the capital Xianyang. Reportedly, he died from Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning due to ingesting mercury pills, made by his alchemists and court physicians. Ironically, these pills were meant to make Qin Shi Huang immortal.

مؤامرة الامبراطور الثاني

After the Emperor's death, Prime Minister Li Si, who accompanied him, became extremely worried that the news of his death could trigger a general uprising in the Empire. It would take two months for the entourage to reach the capital, and it would not be possible to stop the uprising. Li Si decided to hide the death of the Emperor, and return to Xianyang. Most of the Imperial entourage accompanying the Emperor were left ignorant of the Emperor's death; only a younger son, Ying Huhai, who was travelling with his father, the eunuch Zhao Gao, Li Si, and five or six favourite eunuchs knew of the death. Li Si also ordered that two carts containing rotten fish be carried immediately before and after the wagon of the Emperor. The idea behind this was to prevent people from noticing the foul smell emanating from the wagon of the Emperor, where his body was starting to decompose severely as it was summertime. They also pulled down the shade so no one could see his face, changed his clothes daily, brought food and when he had to have important conversations, they would act as if he wanted to send them a message.

Eventually, after about two months, Li Si and the imperial court reached Xianyang, where the news of the death of the emperor was announced. Qin Shi Huang did not like to talk about his own death and he had never written a will. After his death, the eldest son Fusu would normally become the next emperor.

Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu because Fusu's favorite general was Meng Tian, whom they disliked and feared; Meng Tian's brother, a senior minister, had once punished Zhao Gao. They believed that if Fusu was enthroned, they would lose their power. Li Si and Zhao Gao forged a letter from Qin Shi Huang saying that both Fusu and General Meng must commit suicide. The plan worked, and the younger son Hu Hai became the Second Emperor, later known as Qin Er Shi or "Second Generation Qin."

Qin Er Shi, however, was not as capable as his father. Revolts quickly erupted. His reign was a time of extreme civil unrest, and everything built by the First Emperor crumbled away within a short period. One of the immediate revolt attempts was the 209 BC Daze Village Uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang.

العائلة

منطق رئيسي: شجرة العائلة الامبراطورية الصينية (المبكرة)

التالون هم بعض أفراد عائلته، وقرابتهم لتشين شي هوانگ:

• الجد الأكبر Huiwen of Qin (秦惠文王)
• Great grandfather ژاوشيانگ من تشين (秦昭襄王)
• الجد Xiaowen of Qin (秦孝文王)
  • الأب King Zhuangxiang of Qin (秦庄襄王)
  • الأم Zhao Ji (趙姬)
    • الشقيق: تشان‌گان جون (長安君成蟜)
    • تشين شي هوانگ نفسه
      • الابن: فوسو
      • الابن: گاو
      • الابن: جيانگ‌لو
      • الابن: تشين إر تشي

لتشين شي هوانگ أقل من 20 ابن، لكن أسماء معظمهم مفقودة.

ذكراه

الضريح

منطق رئيسي: ضريح امبراطور تشين الأول

انظر أيضاً: جيش التراكوتا

تأريخ

اختلف المؤرخون حول قيمة الإمبراطور الأول للصين. أما الشيوعيون فيرون فيه حاكما تقدمياً. ويقارنه الغرب بنابليون، ولكن من المؤكد حتى هذا الإمبراطور حقق من الوحدة والانضباط والاستمرار والانضباط كثيراً، ولم يفلح أحد بعد ذلك في تغيير هذا الاستمرار والوحدة التي سادت الصين لأية سبب.

انظر أيضاً

• حرق الخط ودفن الفهماء
• ينگ (اسم عائلة صيني)
• تشين يويانگ من يان (دويلة)
• تشين (اسم عائلة)
• جين (اسم كوري)
• قبيلة الهاتا
• الليدي منگ جيانگ
• هه شي بي

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

• Bodde, Derk (1987). "The State and Empire of Ch‘in". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge history of China. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 20–103. ISBN .
• Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. Sutton Publishing. ISBN .
• Cotterell, Arthur (1981). The first emperor of China: the greatest archeological find of our time. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN .
• Guisso, R.W.L.; Pagani, Catherine; Miller, David (1989). The first emperor of China. New York: Birch Lane Press. ISBN .
• Yu-ning, Li, ed. (1975). The First Emperor of China. White Plains, N.Y.: International Arts and Sciences Press. ISBN .
• Portal, Jane (2007). The First Emperor, China's Terracotta Army. British Museum Press. ISBN .
• Qian, Sima (1961). Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty. Burton Watson, trans. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
• Yap, Joseph P (2009). Wars With the Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse. ISBN .