القرن التاسع هوالفترة من 801 وحتى 900 حسب التقويم اليوليوسي الميلادي.

غرب أفريقيا

جنوب شرق نيجريا

حوالي القرن التاسع، طوّر شعب إگبوفيما هوالآن جنوب شرق نيجريا، مصبوبات تماثيل برونزية لأشخاص وحيوانات وكائنات خرافية، وكانت تستخدم كأوعية وتمائم ودلايات وأدوات لتقديم الأضاحي، وكان ذلك من أقدم المشغولات البرونزية التي عُثر عليه في نيجريا. معظم الأغراض كانت جزءاً من دفن نبيل من حضارة نري-إگبوفي الجزء الشمالي من أرض الإگبو. كما اكتُشفت أدلة على التجارة مع أماكن بعيدة من آلاف الخرزات الزجاجية المكتشفة في المواقع. اكتشاف المشغولات البرونزية قام به الأهالي في إگبو-أوكوو، وكان ذلك بداية تطور مملكة نري Nri Kingdom.

امبراطورية غانا

امبراطورية (واگادو) غانا (قبل ح. 830 وحتى ح. 1235) وكانت تقع فيما هوالآن جنوب شرق موريتانياوغرب مالي. وتُعتبر أول ممالك الساحل، التي تواجدت بأشكال مختلفة حتى مطلع القرن العشرين.

أوروپا الغربية

بريطانيا

الأحداث

• An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.
• Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century.
• Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
• Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
• Oseberg ship burial.
• The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia (roughly modern day Hungary, a process that will take several decades to be completed.
• The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
• Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
• 800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.
• 800: Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
• 800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
• 802: Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and establishes the Angkorian dynasty.
• 803: Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
• 805 - 820: Tang Dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
• 809 – 815: War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria.
• 811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with the death of Nicephorus I.
• 813: Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia.
• 813: China was reunited.^[]
• c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
• 814: Charlemagne dies at Aachen.
• 815: A 30-year peace agreement is signed between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
• 824: هان يوتوفى.
• 825: Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.

• 827 – 902: Aghlabid dynasty colonises emirates in Sicily and subsequently raids Southern Italy.
• 830: The Ghana (Wagadu) Empire is established.
• 830: The House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute established in Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to Muslim world. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, a book of algebra, is also written there by Al-Khwarizmi.
• 835: Sweet Dew Incident occurs. Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
• 839-842: Vlastimir defeats Presian.
• 840: Death of Louis the Pious.
• 841: Dublin is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the Vikings.
• 843: The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun and split the Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I.
• 845: Buddhism is persecuted and banned in China.
• 846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned; He was considered the last capable emperor of Tang Dynasty.
• 846 - 11,000 Saracen Arab squadrons from Africa, with 500 horses, desecrate Christian shrines in Rome, including the tombs and basilicas of Sts. Peter and Paul.
• 848 – 852: The west bank of the Tiber is annexed into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City as a defensive response to the Saracen desecration of Rome in 846.
• 850 – 875: The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
• 851: The Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned.
• 856: Prambanan is completed. According to Shivagrha inscription Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
• 859: Muslims establish the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco.
• 860: Balaputra the Maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription.
• 862: The beginning the Rurik Dynasty in Rus'.
• 863: The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
• 862: The Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I.
• 863 – 879: Period of schism between eastern and western churches.
• 864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
• 867: Onward Revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty.
• 868: Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty.
• 869: An earthquake and tsunami struck Japan's Sanriku coast, killing 1,000 people.
• 870: Christianization of the Serbs.
• 870: Prague Castle founded.
• 871 – 899: Reign of Alfred the Great.
• 875 – 884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang Dynasty in China.
• 878: Battle of Ethandun results in the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danish warlord Guthrum.
• 885: Arrival of the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet.
• 893: Council of Preslav - Vladimir-Rasate is dethroned and succeeded as Prince of Bulgaria by Simeon I; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav; the Byzantine clergy is expelled and replaced by Bulgarian; Old Bulgarian becomes the official language of the country.
• 895/896: The year of the Magyars arrival in Pannonia. This year is widely accepted as the beginning of the Hungarian "Landtaking"* Late 9th century: Bulgaria stretches from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
• In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in 889.
• The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. (Early history of Sudan).
• Harald Fairhair was victorious at the battle of Hafrsfjord, and Norway was unified into one kingdom.
• Chess reaches Japan.
• The Medieval Warm Period begins.
• The Coptic period, at its most broad definition, ends.
• Page from Koran (Surah II:286 and title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
• Late 9th century – Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
• Late 9th century - Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made. Heian period.
• 9th – 10th century – Bowl with kufic border, from Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
• Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script, inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, dated Saka year 822 (900)

شخصيات هامة

• أدي سانكارا
• ألفونسوالثالث من أستورياس، ملك أستورياس، گالسيا وليون.
• الجاحظ
• Alfred the Great
• Arnulf of Carinthia
• Árpád, Grand Prince of the Magyars
• Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886)، حكم (867)–(886)
• بوريس الأول من بلغاريا
• الامبراطورة إرين من أثينا
• شارلمان
• Clement of Ohrid
• هان يو
• هارالد الأول من النرويج
• Huang Chao
• هارون الرشيد
• Krum، خان بلغاريا
• كنيث الأول من إسكتلندا
• Li Deyu
• لويس الورع
• Naum of Preslav
• Niu Sengru
• Ordoño I of Asturias, ملك أستورياس
• البابا يوحنا
• روريك
• سيميون الأول من بلغاريا
• Saints Cyril and Methodius
• Taizu of Later Liang
• Wang Kon
• Wang Xianzhi
• Emperor Xianzong of Tang
• Emperor Xuānzong of Tang

مواليد

وفيات

الاختراعات والاكتشافات والأطروحات

• قائمة اختراعات القرن التاسع والعاشر
• First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source—illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West (Utrecht Psalter, 843)
• First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing في 868 م.
• اختراع البارود على يد الخيميائيين الطاويين الصينيين.
• اللاتينية البذيئة بدأت في التطور إلى لغات رومانسية رومانسية.
• Two syllabaries or kana are developed from simplified Chinese characters في اليابان.

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