ژانگ هنگ
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هذه الموضوعة تحتوي على نصوص بالصينية. بدون دعم الإظهار المناسب, فقد ترى علامات استفهام ومربعات أورموز أخرى بدلاً من الحروف الصينية. |
- هذا هواسم صيني؛ لقب العائلة هوZhang.
| Zhang Heng (張衡) | |
|---|---|
| وُلـِد | 78 Nanyang, China |
| توفي | 139 (aged 60–61) Luoyang, China |
| مقر الاقامة | Nanyang, Luoyang |
| مبعث الشهرة | Seismometer, hydraulic-powered armillary sphere, pi calculation, , universe model, lunar eclipse and solar eclipse theory |
| السيرة الفهمية | |
| المجالات | Astronomy, mathematics, seismology, hydraulics, geography, ethnography, mechanical engineering, calendrical science, metaphysics, poetry |
ژانگ هنگ (الصينية المبسطة: 张衡; الصينية التقليدية: 張衡; پن‌ين: Zhāng Héng; ويد-جايلز: Chang Hêng؛ بالإنگليزية: Zhang Heng؛ 78–139 م) كان فلكياً وعالم رياضيات ومخترع وجغرافي ورسام خرائط ورسام وشاعر ورجل دولة وباحث أدبي صيني من نان‌يانگ، خنان. وقد عاش في عهد أسرة هان الشرقية (25–220 م) في الصين. وقد تفهم في العواصم لوويانگ وچانگ‌آن، وبدأ حياته العملية كموظف مدني صغير في نان‌يانگ. Eventually, he became Chief Astronomer, Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages, and then Palace Attendant at the imperial court. His uncompromising stances on certain historical and calendrical issues led to Zhang being considered a controversial figure, which prevented him from becoming an official court historian. His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of الامبراطور شون (r. 125–144) led to his decision to retire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian, in Hebei. He returned home to Nanyang for a short time, before being recalled to serve in the capital once more in 138. وقد توفي هناك بعد عام في 139.
Life of Zhang Heng
Early life
حياته كمسئول
الأدب والشعر
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In Taishan stays my dear sweetheart, |
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Zhang Heng
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In another poem of his called "Stabilizing the Passions" (定情賦) — preserved in a Tang Dynasty (618–907) encyclopedia, but referred to earlier by Tao Qian (365–427) in praise of Zhang's lyrical minimalism — Zhang displays his admiration for an attractive and exemplary woman. This simpler type of fu poem influenced later works by the prominent official and scholar Cai Yong (132–192). Zhang wrote:
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Ah, the chaste beauty of this alluring woman! |
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Zhang Heng
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Those who won this territory were strong; |
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Achievements in science and technology
Astronomy and mathematics
Zhang supported the "radiating influence" theory to explain solar and lunar eclipses, a theory which was opposed by Wang Chong (AD 27–97). In the Ling Xian, Zhang wrote:
The Sun is like fire and the Moon like water. The fire gives out light and the water reflects it. Thus the moon's brightness is produced from the radiance of the Sun, and the Moon's darkness is due to (the light of) the sun being obstructed. The side which faces the Sun is fully lit, and the side which is away from it is dark. The planets (as well as the Moon) have the nature of water and reflect light. The light pouring forth from the Sun does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction of the earth itself—this is called 'an-xu', a lunar eclipse. When (a similar effect) happens with a planet (we call it) an occultation; when the Moon passes across (the Sun's path) then there is a solar eclipse.
Extra tank for inflow clepsydra
Water-powered armillary sphere
Zhang's seismometer
رسم الخرائط
Odometer and South Pointing Chariot
Legacy
Science and technology
الأدب الشعري
تكريم بعد وفاته
انظر أيضاً
- Han poetry
- Fu (poetry)
- Return to the Field
الهامش
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةcrespigny 2007 1050 - ^ Loewe (1968), 38–39 & 42.
- ^ Loewe (2005), 37.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةyan 2007 128 - ^ University of St Andrews, Scotland. (December 2003). Zhang Heng. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
- ^ Hightower (1954), 170–171.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةneinhauser 1986 212 - ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 411–413.
- ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 414.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةjin fan liu 1996 170
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Zhang Heng. |
- Zhang Heng at Chinaculture.org
- Zhang Heng at the University of Maine, USA
- Zhang Heng at the University of St Andrews, Scotland
- The Early History of Seismology (to 1900)
