امبراطورية اليابان
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امبراطورية اليابان (大日本帝国/大日本帝國 Dai Nippon Teikoku, حرفياً "الامبراطورية اليابانية العظمى")، هي ملكية دستورية شبه برلمانية، امبراطورية، وقوة عالمية كانت موجودة منذ استعراش مـِيـْجي في ثلاثة يناير 1868 حتى سن دستور 1947 لليابان المعاصرة.
استعراش مـِيـْجي
Samurai members of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe (1862), around Shibata Sadataro, head of the mission staff (seated) and Fukuzawa Yukichi (to his right) sign of the opening of Japan and Meiji Restoration.
حرب بوشين
Campaign map of the Boshin War (1868–69). The domains of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa (in red) joined forces to defeat Shogunate forces at Toba-Fushimi, and then progressively took control of the rest of Japan.
القسم الخماسي
فترة مـِيـْجي (1868–1912)
Saigō Takamori, one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history
Emperor Meiji, the 122nd emperor of Japan
The mission major member. Left to right : Kido Takayoshi, Yamaguchi Masuka, Iwakura Tomomi, Itō Hirobumi, Ōkubo Toshimichi
Merchant Thomas Blake Glover was a British merchant in Bakumatsu and received Japan's second highest order from Emperor Meiji in recognition of his contributions to Japan's industrialization.
HIH Princess Kaneko Higashi-fushimi in western clothing
الدستور
上諭—"الحدثات الامبراطورية" أجزاء من الدستور
الدايت الامبراطوري
قاعة الدايت الأول.
التنمية الاقتصادية
Marquis Ōkuma Shigenobu was a statesman, an early advocate of Western science and culture, and founder of Waseda University.
1 yen convertible silver note issued in 1885
الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى
First Sino-Japanese War, major battles and troop movements
أميرال الأسطول الماركيز Tōgō Heihachirō.
ثورة الملاكمين
الحرب الروسية اليابانية
Kodama Gentarō
القصف أثناء حصار پورت آرثر.
ضم كوريا
| كوريا، 1910–1945 | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| كوريا في الامبراطورية اليابانية 1939 | |
| خط زمني | |
| معاهدة الحماية اليابانية-الكورية | 18 نوفمبر 1905 |
| ضم اليابان | 22 أغسطس 1910 |
| حركة 1 مارس | 1 مارس 1919 |
| Battle of Qingshanli | 11 سبتمبر 1920 |
| حادث ساكورادامون | 9 يناير 1932 |
| هجوم قصف شنگهاي | 29 أبريل 1932 |
| Sōshi-kaimei | 1940–1945 |
| انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية | 15 أغسطس 1945 |
| Victory over Japan Day | 2 سبتمبر 1945 |
| تقسيم كوريا | 1945 |
فترة تايشو(1912–1926)
الحرب العالمية الأولى
خريطة تسينگتاولعام 192، قبل معركة تسينگتاو1912.
التدخل السيبيري
الامبراطور تايشو، الامبراطور الياباني رقم 123.
"ديمقراطية تايشو"
شووا المبكرة (1926–1937)
الامبراطور شووا، الامبراطور الياباني رقم 124.
توسع الديمقراطية
التنظيمات العسكرية والاجتماعية
العوامل القومية
جنود يحتلون منطقة ناگاتا-چووأكاسكا اثناء حادث 26 فبراير.
العوامل الاقتصادية
مصرف أثناء الأزمة المالية في فترة شووا، مارس 1927.
شووا المتأخرة (1937–1947) – التوسعية
التوسعية قبل الحرب
منشوريا
Manchu Prince Pujie Aisin-Gioro with his wife Hiro Saga, daughter of Marquis Saneto Saga. (1938)
Japanese troops entering Shenyang, China during the Mukden Incident, 1931.
الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية
الاشتباكات مع الاتحاد السوڤيتي
الاتفاق الثلاثي
A Japanese propaganda poster for the Tripartite Pact: "Good friends in three countries". (left Adolf Hitler, center Fumimaro Konoe, right Benito Mussolini)
Founding Ceremony of the Hakkō Ichiu Monument in 1940. It had Prince Chichibu's calligraphy of Hakkō ichiu, carved on its front side.
حرب المحيط الهادي
الهجوم على پيرل هاربر
burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.
الامبراطورية اليابانية عام 1942، وتظهر التوسعات في الأراضي منذ 1870.
الهجمات اليابانية (1941–42)
الوحدات المدرعة اليابانية تتقدم في الفلپين.
القوات اليابانية تسير في لابوان، بروناي، 14 يناير 1942.
معركة سنغافورة، فبراير 1942. القوات اليابانية المنتصرة تسير في وسط المدينة (صورة من المتحف الحربي الامبراطوري).
مسار الهزيمة (1942–45)
The during sea trials off Bungo Strait (outside Sukumo Bay) on October 20, 1941.
Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943, Participants Left to right: Prime Minister of Burma Ba Maw, Prime Minister of Manchukou Zhang Jinghui, President of China (Nanjing) Wang Jingwei, Prime Minister of Japan Hideki Tojo, Prince of Thailand Wan Waithayakon, President of Philippines José P. Laurel, President of Free India Subhas Chandra Bose
hit by two kamikazes in 30 seconds on May 11, 1945, off Kyūshū during the Battle of Okinawa.
الغارات الجوية على اليابان
الهجوم النووي على ناگاساكي فيتسعة أغسطس 1945.
معاودة دخول الاتحاد السوڤيتي
الهزيمة والاستسلام
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
احتلال اليابان
اعادة التقسيم
جرائم الحرب
أسير حرب ياباني قبل بتر رأسه على يد ضابط ياباني.
شخصيات مؤثرة
سياسية
Ōkubo Toshimichi, one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration and modernized Japan.
الأمير رئيس الوزراء Itō Hirobumi
الأمير رئيس الوزراء Yamagata Aritomo
عسكرية
خط زمني
- 1926: Emperor Taishō dies (December 25).
- 1927: Tanaka Giichi becomes prime minister (April 20).
- 1928: Emperor Shōwa is formally installed as emperor (November 10).
- 1929: Osachi Hamaguchi becomes prime minister (July 2).
- 1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).
- 1931: Hamaguchi dies and Wakatsuki Reijirō becomes prime minister (April 14). Japan occupies Manchuria after the Mukden Incident (September 18). Inukai Tsuyoshi becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China.
- 1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29). Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and Saitō Makoto becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the League of Nations (December 7).
- 1933: Japan leaves the League of Nations (March 27).
- 1934: Keisuke Okada becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the Washington Naval Treaty (December 29).
- 1936: Coup attempt (February 26 Incident). Kōki Hirota becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its first pact with Germany (November 25) and occupies Tsingtao (December 3). Mengjiang established in Inner Mongolia.
- 1937: Senjūrō Hayashi becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince Fumimaro Konoe becomes prime minister (June 4). Battle of Lugou Bridge (July 7). Japan captures Beijing (July 31). Japanese troops occupy Nanjing (December 13), beginning the Nanjing Massacre.
- 1938: Battle of Taierzhuang (March 24). Canton falls to Japanese forces (October 21).
- 1939: Hiranuma Kiichirō becomes prime minister (January 5). Abe Nobuyuki becomes prime minister (August 30).
- 1940: Mitsumasa Yonai becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for a second term (July 22). Hundred Regiments Offensive (August–September). Japan occupies Indochina in the wake of the fall of Paris, and signs the Tripartite Pact (September 27).
- 1941: General Hideki Tōjō becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8). Japan conquers Hong Kong (December 25).
- 1942: Battle of Ambon (January 30 – February 3). Battle of Palembang (February 13–15). Singapore surrenders to Japan (February 15). Japan bombs Australia (February 19). Indian Ocean raid (March 31 – April 10). Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (April 18). Battle of the Coral Sea (May 4–8). U.S. and Filipino forces in the Battle of the Philippines (1942) surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway (June 6). Allied victory in the Battle of Milne Bay (September 5).
- 1943: Allied victory in Battle of Guadalcanal (February 9). Japan defeated at Battle of Tarawa (November 23).
- 1944: Tojo resigns and Kuniaki Koiso becomes prime minister (July 22).
- 1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.
- 1947: Constitution of Japan comes into force.
الأباطرة
| Posthumous name1 | Given name² | Childhood name³ | Period of Reigns | Era name4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(明治天皇) |
Mutsuhito (睦仁) |
Sachi-no-miya (祐宮) |
1868–1912 (1890–1912)5 |
Meiji | |
|
(大正天皇) |
Yoshihito (嘉仁) |
Haru-no-miya (明宮) |
1912–26 | Taishō | |
|
Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) |
Hirohito (裕仁) |
Michi-no-miya (迪宮) |
1926–896 | Shōwa | |
| 1 Each posthumous name was given after the respective era names as Ming and Qing Dynasties of China. | |||||
| 2 The Japanese imperial family name has no surname or dynastic name. | |||||
| 3 The Meiji Emperor was known only by the appellation Sachi-no-miya from his birth until November 11, 1860, when he was proclaimed heir apparent to Emperor Kōmei and received the personal name Mutsuhito . | |||||
| 4 No multiple era names were given for each reign after Meiji Emperor. | |||||
| 5 Constitutionally. | |||||
| 6 Constitutionally. The reign of the Shōwa Emperor in fact continued until 1989 since he did not abdicate after World War II. However, he lost his status as a living god. | |||||
انظر أيضاً
- الزراعة في امبراطورية اليابان
- ديموغرافيا امبارطورية اليابان
- التجارة الخارجية والشحن في امبراطورية اليابان
- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- الانتاج الصناعي في اليابان شووا
- التعاون الصناعي الياباني-الألماني قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية
- التعدين وموارد الطاقة اليابانية (الحرب العالمية الثانية)
- الاستعمارية اليابانية
- برنامج الأسلحة النووية الياباني
الهوامش
- ^ Although the Empire of Japan officially had no state religion,Shinto played an important part for the Japanese state: As Marius Jansen, states The Meiji government had from the first incorporated, and in a sense created, Shinto, and utilized its tales of the divine origin of the ruling house as the core of its ritual addressed to ancestors “of ages past.” As the Japanese empire grew the affirmation of a divine mission for the Japanese race was emphasized more strongly. Shinto was imposed on colonial lands in Taiwan and Korea, and public funds were utilized to build and maintain new shrines there. Shinto priests were attached to army units as chaplains, and the cult of war dead, enshrined at the Yasukuni Jinja in Tokyo, took on ever greater proportions as their number grew.
المراجع
- ^ Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. ISBN .
- ^ Thomas, Jolyon Baraka (2014). (Ph.D.). Princeton University. p. 76.
- ^ Jansen 2002, p. 669.
- ^ Hunter 1984, pp. 31-32.
- ^ "Chronological tableخمسة 1 December 1946 - 23 June 1947". National Diet Library. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
- ^ One can date the "restoration" of imperial rule from the edict of January 3, 1868. Jansen, p.334.
- ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2013). . Routledge. p. 83. ISBN .
- ^ David C. Earhart, Certain Victory, 2008, p.63
المصادر
-
Jansen, Marius (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN . OCLC 44090600
- Jansen, Marius B. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN .
- Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN . OCLC 46731178
- Klemen, L. (1999–2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942".
- Takemae, Eiji (2003). The Allied Occupation of Japan. Continuum Press. ISBN .
- Porter, Robert P. (1918). Japan: The Rise of a Modern Power. Oxford. ISBN .
- Satow, Ernest Mason (1921). A Diplomat in Japan. London. ISBN .
وصلات خارجية
| سبقه فترة إدو 1603–1868 |
تاريخ اليابان امبراطورية اليابان 1868–1945 |
تبعه اليابان ما بعد الحرب 1945–الآن احتلال اليابان 1945–1952 |
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