جريماندر
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| بوابة السياسة |
جـِريماندر Gerrymandering تعبير غربي يشر إلى تقسيم مدينة أوولاية أوقطر إلى مناطق انتخابية لمصلحة الحزب الحاكم.
أصل التسمية
حدثة جريماندر اتىت من اسم إلبردج جري حاكم مساتشوستس بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. صدر مشروع قانون عن الجهاز التَّشريعي في ماساشوسيتس بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. في 1812م قسَّم الولاية إلى مقاطعات لانتخاب شيوخ الولاية. وهذا التَّقسيم جمع بعض الأنطقيم التي يتمتع فيها الفيدراليون بأَغلبية كبيرة في مجموعات معينة. وبهذه الطَّريقة فإنَّ الفيدراليين لن يحصلوا إلا على مقاعد قليلة في الجهاز التَّشريعي على الرغم من أَغلبيتهم الكبيرة، بينما يحصل منافسوهم على عدد كبير من المقاعد على الرغم من قلة عددهم.
ونتيجة للتقسيم، بدأ شكل أحد الأنطقيم مثل شكل حيوان أسطوري فشبهه الناس بالسمندر (السمندل)، ولكن أحد الضيوف اقترح حتى يسمى جيريماندر.
آثار الجريماندر
Example for a state with three equally sized districts and a 9:6 Orange party majority.
In (a), creating ثلاثة mixed-type districts yields a 3–0 win to the Orange party (O) — a disproportional result considering the state-wide reality.
In (b), the Magenta (M) party wins the urban district while O wins the rural districts — the 2-1 result expresses the fact that O is the state-wide majority party.
In (c), Gerrymandering techniques ensure a 2-1 win to the state-wide minority M party.
التغييرات لتحقيق انتخابات تنافسية
معرض الصور
الدائرة الانتخابية رقم 12 في ولاية North Carolina
An example of the packing style of districting. It seems that the district is narrowly lying along with the coast line: California's 23rd congressional district.
An example of "cracking" style of gerrymandering. The urban (and mostly liberal) concentration of Columbus, Ohio, located at the center of the map in Franklin County, is split into thirds, each segment then attached to—and outnumbered by—largely conservative suburbs.
California's 11th congressional district drawn to favor its then-Republican incumbent.
Bi-partisan incumbent gerrymandering produced California District 38, home to Grace Napolitano, a Democrat, who ran unopposed in 2004.
Texas' controversial 2003 partisan gerrymander produced Texas District 22 for former Rep. Tom DeLay, a الجمهوري.
The odd shapes of California Senate districts in Southern California (2008) have led to claims of gerrymandering.
The earmuff shape of Illinois's 4th congressional district packs two Hispanic areas while remaining contiguous by narrowly tracing Interstate 294.
Utah's 2nd congressional district was redrawn after the election of Democrat Jim Matheson in 2000 to favor future Republican majorities. The predominantly Democratic city of Salt Lake was connected to predominantly Republican eastern and southern Utah through a thin sliver of land running through Utah County. This particular redistricting did not have the desired effect, as Matheson has been re-elected twice.
Another example of Illinois gerrymandering is the 17th congressional district in the western portion of the state. Notice how the major urban centers are anchored and how the Decatur is nearly isolated from the primary district.
انظر أيضا
- History of 19th century congressional redistricting in Ohio
- Representation (politics)
- Election fraud
المصادر
- الموسوعة المعهدية الكاملة
وصلات خارجية
- Articles from the ACE Project
- Alleged Gerrymandering in Malaysia: Over-representation of rural districts
- Alleged Gerrymandering in Singapore
- Reapportionment and Redistricting in the US
- A handbook of electoral system Design from International IDEA
- Gerrymandering in the US
- Anti-Gerrymandering policy in Australia
- A collection of bizarre and unconstitutional districts from recent history, dedicated to Governor Eldridge Gerry.
- The CommonCensus Map Project — draws internal US boundaries based on cultural affinities, not politics
- Egregious Cases an article from Mother Jones Magazine
- Gerryminder—An online redistricting simulation.
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
- The Redistricting Game—An online game designed to teach about Gerrymandering
