جوسف هارولد گرين‌برگ Joseph Harold Greenberg (عاش 28 مايو1915 –سبعة مايو2001) كان عالم لغويات أمريكي بارز ومثير للجدل، اشتهر خصيصاً بعمله في مجالين، linguistic typology والتصنيف الجيني للغات.

وقد تخصص في الحضارات الأفريقية وفي المشهجر بين اللغات. تصنيف گرين‌برگ للغات الأفريقية، المنشور لأول مرة في 1955 وفي نسخة منقحة، لغات أفريقيا (1963)، افترض أربع عائلات: النيجر-كردفانية، الأفروآسيوية، اللغات النيلو-صحراوية وخويسان. وفي "نظرية گرين‌برگ" المثيرة لجدل عارم، اقترح حتى الأمريكان الأوائل وصلوا من آسيا فيما لا يقل عن ثلاث موجات منفصلة، وقد أعطت جميع موجة واحدة من المجموعات اللغوية الثلاث (أمرهند، إسكيمو-أليوت، ونا-دنه). ويذكر گرين‌برگ حتى ذلك يتضح من الشفرة الجينية المعثور عليها في سجلات أسنان الأمريكان الأصليين. إلا حتى معظم اللغويين لا يؤيدون الفرضية ويرون أنها تفتقد الأسس المتعارف عليها.

أعمال مختارة لجوسف گرينبرگ

الخط

Studies in African Linguistic Classification. New Haven: Compass Publishing Company. 1955. (Photo-offset reprint of the SJA articles with minor corrections.)

Essays in Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1957.

The Languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1963. (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955. From the same publisher: second, revised edition, 1966; third edition, 1970. All three editions simultaneously published at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)

Language Universals: With Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. The Hague: Mouton & Co. 1966. (Reprinted 1980 and, with a foreword by Martin Haspelmath, 2005.)

Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1987.

Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. 1: Grammar. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2000.

Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. 2: Lexicon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2002.

William Croft, ed. (2005). Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

خط (محرر)

Universals of Language: Report of a Conference Held at Dobbs Ferry, New York, April 13–15, 1961. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1963. (Second edition 1966.)

Universals of Human Language. 1: Method and Theory, 2: Phonology, 3: Word Structure, 4: Syntax. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1978.

منطقات واستعراضات، إلخ.

"The decipherment of the 'Ben-Ali Diary': A preliminary statement". Journal of Negro History. 25.3: 372–375. 1940.

Greenberg (1941). "Some problems in Hausa phonology". Language. 17 (4): 316–323. doi:10.2307/409283. JSTOR 409283.

"Arabic loan-words in Hausa". Word. 3: 85–87. 1947.

Greenberg, Joseph H. (1948). "The classification of African languages". American Anthropologist. 50: 24–30. doi:10.1525/aa.1948.50.1.02a00050.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: I. Introduction, Niger–Congo family". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 5: 79–100. 1949.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: II. The classification of Fulani". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 5: 190–98. 1949.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: III. The position of Bantu". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 5: 309–17. 1949.

Greenberg (1950). "Studies in African linguistic classification: IV. Hamito-Semitic". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6 (1): 47–63. JSTOR 3628690.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: V. The Eastern Sudanic Family". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6: 143–60. 1950.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: VI. The Click languages". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6: 223–37. 1950.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: VII. Smaller families; index of languages". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6: 388–98. 1950.

"Studies in African linguistic classification: VIII. Further remarks on method; revisions and corrections". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 10: 405–15. 1954.

Greenberg, Joseph H. (1957). "The nature and uses of linguistic typologies". International Journal of American Linguistics. 23 (2): 68–77. doi:10.1086/464395.

Anthony F.C. Wallace, ed. (1960). "The general classification of Central and South American languages". Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 791–4. (Reprinted in Genetic Linguistics, 2005.)

"Is the vowel-consonant dichotomy universal?". Word. 18: 73–81. 1962.

. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1963. pp. 58–90.^[] (In second edition of Universals of Language, 1966: pp. 73–113.)

Greenberg (1966). "Synchronic and diachronic universals in phonology". Language. 42 (2): 508–17. doi:10.2307/411706. JSTOR 411706.

Greenberg, Joseph H. (1970). "Some generalizations concerning glottalic consonants, especially implosives". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36 (2): 123–145. doi:10.1086/465105.

Thomas A. Sebeok; et al., eds. (1971). "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis". Current Trends in Linguistics, Volume 8: Linguistics in Oceania. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 807–871. Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (help) (Reprinted in Genetic Linguistics, 2005.)

"Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type". Working Papers in Language Universals. 9: 1–39. 1972.

Greenberg (1979). "Rethinking linguistics diachronically". Language. 55 (2): 275–90. doi:10.2307/412585. JSTOR 412585.

Ralph E. Cooley, Mervin R. Barnes, and John A. Dunn, ed. (1979). "The classification of American Indian languages". Papers of the Mid-American Linguistic Conference at Oklahoma. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Interdisciplinary Linguistics Program. pp. 7–22.CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

Joseph Ki-Zerbo, ed. (1981). "African linguistic classification". General History of Africa, Volume 1: Methodology and African Prehistory. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 292–308.

Ivan R. Dihoff, ed. (1983). "Some areal characteristics of African languages". Current Approaches to African Linguistics. 1. Dordrecht: Foris. pp. 3–21.

With Christy G. Turner II and Stephen L. Zegura (1985). "Convergence of evidence for peopling of the Americas". Collegium antropologicum. 9: 33–42.

With Christy G. Turner II and Stephen L. Zegura (1986). "The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental, and genetic evidence". Current Anthropology. 27.5 (December 1986): 477–97.

Greenberg, J. H. (1989). "Classification of American Indian languages: A reply to Campbell". Language. 65.1 (1): 107–114. JSTOR 414844.

Greenberg, J. H. (1993). "Observations concerning Ringe's 'Calculating the factor of chance in language comparison'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 137.1 (1): 79–90. JSTOR 986946.

"Review of Michael Fortescue: Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence". Review of Archaeology. 21.2: 23–24. 2000.

ببليوگرافيا

• Blench, Roger. 1995. "Is Niger–Congo simply a branch of Nilo-Saharan?" In Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Nice, 24–29 August 1992: Proceedings, edited by Robert Nicolaï and Franz Rottland (1995), 36-49. Köln: Köppe Verlag.

• Campbell, Lyle (1986). "Comment on Greenberg, Turner, and Zegura". Current Anthropology. 27: 488.

• Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.

• Campbell, Lyle. 2001. "Beyond the comparative method." In Historical Linguistics 2001: Selected Papers from the 15th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Melbourne, 13–-17 August 2001, edited by Barry J. Blake, Kate Burridge, and Jo Taylor.

• Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.

• Gregersen, Edgar (1972). "Kongo-Saharan". Journal of African Languages. 11 (1): 69–89.

• Mairal, Ricardo and Juana Gil. 2006. Linguistic Universals. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54552-5.

• Ringe, Donald A. (1993). "A reply to Professor Greenberg". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 137: 91–109.

• Ross, Malcolm. 2005. "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages." In Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-speaking Peoples, edited by Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, and Jack Golson, pp. 15–66. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

• Wurm, Stephen A. 1982. The Papuan Languages of Oceania. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

طالع أيضاً

• Linguistic universal
• Monogenesis (linguistics)
• Nostratic languages

الهامش

وصلات خارجية

• "What we all spoke when the world was young" by Nicholas Wade, New York Times (February 1, 2000)
• Memorial Resolution
• "Joseph Harold Greenberg" by William Croft (2003) (also: HTML version)
• "Complete bibliography of the publications of Joseph H. Greenberg" by William Croft (2003)