Württemberg
قرن 11–1918
فهم مملكة ڤورتمبرگ درع مملكة ڤورتمبرگ
Württemberg, shown within the الأمبراطورية الألمانية (1871–1918)
المكانة	تابع للأمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة
العاصمة	شتوتگارت
اللغات الشائعة	الألمانية السوابية
الدين	اللوثرية والكاثوليكية
الحكومة	ملكية مطلقة
King
• حوالي 1089–1122 (first count)	كونراد الأول
• 1457–96     (أول دوق من 1495)	Eberhard I (V)
• 1797–1816     (أول ملك من 1806)	Frederick I (III)
• 1891–1918     (last king, died 1921)	William II
• الغرفة العليا	Standesherren
• الغرفة الدنيا	Abgeordnetenhaus
الحقبة التاريخية	العصور الوسطى
• تأسيس المقاطعة     by كونراد الأول	قبل 1081
• معاهدة نورتنگن     تقسـِّم المقاطعة	1442 قرن 11
• معاهدة مونسنگن     يعيد توحيد المقاطعة	1482
• ترقـَّت إلى دوقية	1495
• Raised to electorate	1803
• ترقـَّت إلى مملكة	1806
• الملكية أطيح بها	9 نوفمبر 1918 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by دوقية سوابيا Free People's State of Württemberg

ڤورتمبرگ (Württemberg؛ النطق الألماني: [ˈvʏɐtɛmˌbeɐk])، كانت تُعهد بإسم ڤيرتمبرگ Wirtemberg، هي منطقة وولاية سابقة في جنوب غرب ألمانيا، وضمت أجزاء من منطقتي سوابيا وفرانكونيا.

Its traditional capital was Stuttgart. For short periods of time, the seat of the government was located in Ludwigsburg and Urach. The name of the dynasty and the state originates from a steep Stuttgart hill, close to Stuttgart-Untertürkheim. Now the region is part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

التاريخ

Württemberg, once a Duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, in 1806 became the Kingdom with the break-up of empire. This was during the reign of Frederick I of Württemberg. In 1918 it became a republic called the Free People's State of Württemberg.

After الحرب العالمية الثانية, Württemberg was divided between the US and French occupation zones and became part of two new states: Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. After the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in 1949, these two states merged with Baden in 1952 to become the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg.

الجغرافيا

It lies between 47° 34' 48" and 49° 35' 17" N, and between 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. Its greatest length from north to south comprised 225 km (140 miles); its greatest breadth comprised 160 km (100 miles); its boundaries had a circumference of 1800 km (1116 miles). Its total area comprised 7534 square miles (20,000 km²). It shared a boundary on the East with Bavaria, and on the other three sides with Baden, with the exception of a short distance on the South, where it bordered Hohenzollern and Lake Constance.

المناخ

The temperate climate turns colder among the mountains in the south. The mean temperature varies at different points fromستة to 10°C (43-50°F). Abundant forests induce much rain, most of which falls in the summer. Given on the whole fertile and well-cultivated soil, agriculture formed the main occupation of the inhabitants.

السكان

الزراعة

The Kingdom of Württemberg essentially formed an agricultural state, and of its 4,821,760 acres (20,000 km²), 44.9% comprised agricultural land and gardens, 1.1% vineyards, 17.9% meadows and pastures, and 30.8% forest.

It possessed rich meadowlands, cornfields, orchards, gardens, and hills covered with vines. The chief agricultural products were oats, spelt, rye, wheat, barley, and hops. To these add wine (mostly of excellent quality) of an annual value of about one million pounds sterling, peas and beans, maize, fruit, (chiefly cherries and apples), beets and tobacco, and garden and dairy produce.

Württembergers reared considerable numbers of cattle, sheep and pigs; and paid great attention to the breeding of horses.

Württemberg has a long history of producing red wines, although from somewhat different varieties than other German wine regions. Today the region of Württemberg is a designation (Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany,, separate from the wine region of Baden. With 11,522 hectares (28,471 acres) under viticulture in 2006, Württemberg is Germany's fourth largest wine region. Winemaking cooperatives are responsible for almost 75% of the region's production.

The Württemberg wine region is centered on the valley of the Neckar and several of its tributaries, Rems, Enz, Kocher and Jagst.

التعدين

The Kingdom of Württemberg lacked minerals of great industrial importance apart from salt and iron. The salt industry came to prominence only at the beginning of the 19th century. The iron industry, on the other hand, had great antiquity, but completely lacked coal mines within the Kingdom. Other minerals produced included granite, limestone, ironstone and fireclay.

المنتجون

The old-established manufacturers embraced linen, woollen and cotton fabrics, particularly at Esslingen and Göppingen, and paper-making, especially at Ravensburg, Heilbronn and other places in Lower Swabia.

The manufacturing industries, assisted by the government, developed rapidly during the later years of the 19th century, notably metal-working, especially such branches of it as require exact and delicate workmanship. Particular importance attached to iron and steel goods, locomotives (for which Esslingen enjoyed a good reputation), machinery, cars, bicycles, small arms (in the Mauser factory at Oberndorf), all kinds of scientific and artistic appliances, pianos (at Stuttgart), organs and other musical instruments, photographic apparatus, clocks (in the Black Forest), electrical apparatus, and gold- and silver-goods.

Extensive chemical works, potteries, cabinet-making workshops, sugar factories, breweries and distilleries operated. Water-power and petrol largely compensated for the lack of coal. Among other interesting developments note the manufacture of liquid carbonic acid gas extracted from natural gas springs beside the Eyach, a tributary of the Neckar.

التجارة

The Kingdom of Württemberg's principal exports included cattle, cereals, wood, pianos, salt, oil, leather, cotton and linen fabrics, beer, wine and spirits. Commerce centred on the cities of Stuttgart, Ulm, Heilbronn and Friedrichshafen. Stuttgart, once called the Leipzig of South Germany, boasted an extensive book trade. The kingdom had creative inventors; Gottlieb Daimler, the first car manufacturer, incorporated his business in 1900 as Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, and its successor company Mercedes-Benz always had plants near Stuttgart. At Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin constructed his airships from 1897 to his death in 1917.

الإتصالات

In 1907 the Kingdom of Württemberg had 2,000 km (1219 miles) of railways, of which all except 256 km (159 miles) belonged to the state. Navigable waters included the Neckar, the Schussen, Lake Constance, and the Danube downstream from Ulm. The Kingdom had fairly good quality roads; the oldest of them of Roman construction. Württemberg, like Bavaria, retained the control of its own postal and telegraph service on the foundation of the new German Empire in 1871.

الدستور

As a constitutional monarchy, the Kingdom of Württemberg functioned as a member of the German Empire, with four votes in the then Federal Council (Bundesrat), and seventeen in the Reichstag (parliament). The constitution rested on a law of 1819, amended in 1868, in 1874, and again in 1906. The hereditary crown conveyed the simple title of "King of Württemberg". The king received a civil list of 103,227 pounds sterling.

The Kingdom possessed a bi-cameral legislature. The upper chamber (Standesherren) comprised:

• adult princes of the blood
• heads of noble families from the rank of count (Graf) upwards
• representatives of territories (Standesherrschafien) which possessed votes in the old German Imperial Diet or in the local diet
• members (not more than 6) nominated by the King
• 8 members of knightly rank
• 6 ecclesiastical dignitaries
• a representative of the university of Tübingen
• a representative of the Stuttgart University of Technology
• 2 representatives of commerce and industry
• 2 representatives of agriculture
• 1 representative of handicrafts.

The lower house (Abgeordnetenhaus) had 92 members:

• 63 representatives from the administrative divisions (Oberamtsbezirke)
• 6 representatives from Stuttgart, elected by proportional representation
• 6 representatives, one from each of the six chief provincial towns
• 17 members elected by the two electoral divisions (Landeswahlkreise), elected by proportional representation

The King appointed the President of the upper chamber; after 1874 the lower chamber elected its own chairman. Members of both houses had to have reached twenty-five years of age.

Württemberg parliaments had terms of six years; all male citizens over twenty-five years of age possessed suffrage rights, voting by ballot.

The highest executive power rested in the hands of the Ministry of State (Staatsministerium), consisting of six ministers for:

• justice
• foreign affairs (with the royal household, railways, posts and telegraphs)
• the interior
• public worship and education
• war
• finance

The Kingdom also had a Privy Council, consisting of the ministers and some nominated councillors (wirkliche Staatsräte), who advised the sovereign at his command. The judges of a special supreme court of justice, called the Staatsgerichtshof (which functioned as the guardian of the constitution), gained office partly through election by the chambers and partly through appointment by the King. Each of the chambers had the right to impeach the ministers.

The Kingdom comprised four governmental departments (Kreise), subdivided into sixty-four divisions (Oberamtsbezirke), each under a headman (Oberamtmann) assisted by a local council (Amtsversammlung). A Government (Regierung) heads each of the four departments.

أنظر أيضاً: Württemberg Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic

الادارة الكنسية

The right of direction over the churches resided in the King, who had also, so long as he belonged to the Protestant Church, the guardianship of the spiritual rights of that Church. The Protestant Church is controlled (under the minister of religion and education) by a consistory and a synod. The consistory comprised a president,تسعة councillors andستة general superintendents or prelates from six principal towns. The synod consisted of a representative council, including both lay and clerical members.

The Roman Catholic Church in the Kingdom answered to the bishop of Rottenburg, in the archdiocese of Freiburg. Politically it obeyed a Roman Catholic council, appointed by government.

A state-appointed council (Oberkirchenbehörde) regulated Württemberg's Judaism after 1828.

التعليم

The Kingdom claimed universal literacy (reading and writing) over the age of ten years. Higher learning occurred at the university of Tübingen, in the Stuttgart University of Technology, the veterinary college at Stuttgart, the commercial college at Stuttgart, and the agricultural college of Hohenheim. Gymnasia and other schools existed in all the larger towns, while every commune had a primary school. Numerous schools and colleges existed for women. Württemberg also had a school of viticulture.

الجيش

Under the terms of a military convention of November 25, 1870 the troops of Württemberg formed the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps of the Imperial German Army.

مالية الولاية

Until 1873 the kingdom and some neighbouring states used the "Gulden" as currency. From 1857 the Vereinsthaler was introduced alongside it, and from 1873 both were replaced by the Gold Mark.

The state revenue for 1909–1910 comprised an estimated 4,840,520 pounds sterling, nearly balanced by expenditure. About one-third of the revenue derived from railways, forests and mines; about 1,400,000 pounds sterling from direct taxation; and the remainder from indirect taxes, the post-office and sundry items.

In 1909 the public debt amounted to 29,285,335 pounds sterling, of which more than 27,000,000 pounds sterling resulted from the costs of railway construction.

Of the expenditure, over 900,000 pounds sterling went towards public worship and education, and over 1,200,000 pounds sterling went in interest and repayment of the national debt. To the treasury of the German Empire the Kingdom contributed 660,000 pounds sterling.

Namesake

Two naval ships of the German Imperial Navy were named after the state of Württemberg. The was a class armored ship launched in 1878. The was a class battleship that was cancelled before completion before the end of الحرب العالمية الأولى.

مراجع

قائمة المراجع

• تحوي هذه الموضوعة معلومات مترجمة من الطبعة الحادية عشرة لدائرة المعارف البريطانية لسنة 1911 وهي الآن من ضمن الملكية العامة.

• Württembergische Jahrbücher für Statistik und Landeskunde
• Das Königreich Württemberg, eine Beschreibung nach Kreisen, Oberämtern und Gemeinden (Stuttgart, 1904)
• Statistisches Handbuch für das Königreich Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1885 fol.)
• Das Königreich Württemberg, eine Beschreibung von Land, Volk und Staat (1893)
• Jahresberichte der Handels- und Gewerbekammern in Württemberg
• Lang, Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung Württembergs im Laufe des 19ten Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1903)
• Engel and Schulze, Geognostischer Wegweiser durch Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1908)
• Staatsrecht des Königreichs Württemberg (Tübingen, 1908)
• F. Bitzer, Regierung und Stände in Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1882).

أنظر أيضاً

• Alemannish
• Rulers of Württemberg
• Weizsäcker family
• Württemberg (wine region)
• Duke of Urach

نطقب:Swabian League

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