上海公共租界 Shanghai International Settlement International Settlement   1863 – 1941 Flag of Municipal Council Seal of Municipal Council الشعار Omnia Juncta in Uno  (Latin) "All Joined into One" Location of Shanghai International Settlement (in red) relative to the French Concession (yellow) and the Chinese zone (grey) التاريخ  - تأسس 1863  - انحل 1941 المساحة  - 1925 22٫59 كم² (9 sq mi) التعداد  - 1910 501٬561   - 1925 1٬137٬298       Density 50٬345٫2 /km²  (130٬393٫5 /sq mi) اليوم جزء من  الصين Huangpu District, Jing'an District, Hongkou District and Yangpu District, Shanghai Municipality

The Shanghai International Settlement (الصينية التقليدية: 上海公共租界; پن‌ين: Shànghǎi Gōnggòng Zūjiè; Shanghainese: Zånhae Konkun Tsyga) originated from the 1863 merger of the British and American enclaves in Shanghai, in which parts of the Qing Empire would hold extraterritorially under the terms of a series of Unequal Treaties until 1941.

The settlements were established following the defeat of the Qing army by the British in the First Opium War (1839 – 1842). Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, the five treaty ports including Shanghai were opened to foreign merchants, overturning the monopoly then held by the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou) under the Canton System. The British also established a base on Hong Kong under an extensive lease. American and French involvement followed closely on the heels of the British and their enclaves were established north and south, respectively, of the British area.

Unlike the colonies of Hong Kong and Macau, where Great Britain and Portugal enjoyed full sovereignty in perpetuity, the foreign concessions in China remained under Chinese sovereignty. In 1854, the three countries created the Shanghai Municipal Council to serve all their interests, but, in 1862, the French concession dropped out of the arrangement. The following year the British and American settlements formally united to create the Shanghai International Settlement. As more foreign powers entered into treaty relations with China, their nationals also became part of the administration of the settlement, but it always remained a predominantly British affair until the growth of Japan's involvement in the late 1930s.

The international settlement came to an abrupt end in December 1941 when Japanese troops stormed in immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor. In early 1943, new treaties signed by Chiang Kai-shek's Republican government formally ended the extraterritorial privileges of Americans and Britons, although its terms were moot until the recovery of Shanghai following Japan's 1945 surrender. The French later surrendered their privileges in a separate 1946 agreement.

التاريخ

وصول الأمريكان والبريطانيين والأوروپيين الآخرين

المجلس البلدي

بزوغ اليابان الامبراطورية (القرن العشرين)

اليابانيون يستولون على باقي شانغهاي (1937)

In 1932 there were 1,040,780 Chinese living within the International Settlement, with another 400,000 fleeing into the area after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937. For the next five years, the International Settlement and the French Concession were surrounded by Japanese occupiers and Chinese revolutionaries, with conflict often spilling into the Settlement's borders. In 1941, the Japanese launched an abortive political bid to take over the SMC: during a mass meeting of ratepayers at the Settlement Race Grounds, a Japanese official leaped up and shot William Keswick, then Chairman of the Council. While Keswick was only wounded, a near riot broke out.

إخلاء الحامية البريطانية

Britain evacuated its garrisons from mainland Chinese cities, particularly Shanghai, in August 1940.^:299

اليابانيون يحتلون المستوطنة الدولية (1941)

Anglo-American influence effectively ended afterثمانية December 1941, when the Imperial Japanese Army entered and occupied the British and American controlled parts of the city in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The French and Americans surrendered without a shot, while the only British riverboat in Shanghai, , refused to surrender and six of the 18 British crew who were on board at the time were killed when the ship was sunk when the Japanese opened fire at almost point-blank range.

العودة للحكم الصيني

In February 1943, the International Settlement was de jure returned to the Chinese as part of the British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and American–Chinese Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China with the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek. However, because Shanghai was under Japanese control, this was unenforceable. In reply, in July 1943, the Japanese retroceded the SMC to the City Government of Shanghai, which was then in the hands of the pro-Japanese Wang Jingwei Government.

Although the original treaty between Britain and China (the Treaty of Nanking) was signed in 1842 on behalf of the entire British Empire, the new treaty of 1943 was only signed on behalf of the United Kingdom, colonies and British India. It was not signed on behalf of the dominions. Canada signed its own treaty with China the following year.

After the war and the liberation of the city from the Japanese, a Liquidation Commission fitfully met to discuss the remaining details of the handover. By the end of 1945, most westerners not actively involved in the Chinese Civil War (such as intelligence agents, soldiers, journalists etc.) or in Shanghai's remaining foreign businesses, had left the city. With the defeat of the Kuomintang in 1949, the city was occupied by Communist troops and came under the control of Mayor of Shanghai.

The foreign architecture of the International Settlement era can still be seen today along the Bund and in many locations around the city.

Legal system

The International Settlement did not have a unified legal system. The Municipal Council issued Land Regulations and regulations under this, that were binding on all people in the settlement. Other than this, citizens and subjects of powers that had treaties with China that provided for extraterritorial rights were subject to the laws of their own countries and civil and criminal complaints against them were required to be brought against them to their consular courts (courts overseen by consular officials) under the laws of their own countries.

The number of treaty powers had climbed to a maximum of 19 by 1918 but was down to 14 by the 1930s: Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Mexico, and Switzerland. Germany and Austria-Hungary lost their treaty rights after WWI, and Russia gave up her rights as a matter of political expediency. Belgium was declared by China to have lost her rights in 1927. Furthermore, the Chinese government adamantly refused to grant treaty power status to any of the new nations born in the wake of WWI, such as Austria and Hungary (formerly Austria-Hungary), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the Baltic States and Finland.

Chinese citizens and citizens of non-treaty powers were subject to Chinese law. Inside the Settlement, cases against them would be brought to the Mixed Court, a court established in the Settlement in the 1870s which existed until 1926. In cases involving foreigners, a foreign assessor, usually a consular officer, would sit with the Chinese magistrate and in many cases acted like a judge. In 1927, a Provisional Court was established with a sole Chinese judge presiding. In 1930, Chinese Special Courts were established which had jurisdiction over all non treaty power individuals and companies in the Settlement.

Two countries, Britain and the United States established formal court systems in China to try cases. The British Supreme Court for China and Japan was established in 1865 and located in its own building in the British Consulate compound and the United States Court for China was established in the US Consulate in 1906. Both courts were occupied by the Japanese onثمانية December 1941 and effectively ceased to function from that date.

Currency

نطقب:More citations needed section

The currency situation in China generally was very complicated in the 19th century. There was no unified system. Different parts of China operated different systems, and the Spanish pieces of eight that had been coming from Mexico for a few hundred years on Manila Galleons were current along the China coast. Until the 1840s these silver dollar coins were Spanish coins minted mainly in Mexico City, but from the 1840s these gave way to Mexican republican dollars.

In Shanghai, this complexity represented a microcosm of the complicated economy existing elsewhere along the China coast. The Chinese reckoned in weights of silver, which did not necessarily correspond to circulating coins. One important unit was a tael, a measurement of weight with several different definitions. These included: Customs Taels (for foreign trade), Cotton Taels (for cotton trade), etc. Shanghai had its own tael, which was very similar in weight to the Customs Tael and therefore popular for international business. China also had a mixture of coins, including Chinese Copper Cash coins and Mexican dollars. Paper money was first issued by European and North American colonial banks (one British colonial bank known as the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China at one time issued banknotes in Shanghai that were denominated in Mexican dollars).

Postal services

Shanghai had developed a postal service as early as the Ming Dynasty, but during the treaty port era foreign postal services were organised through their respective consulates. For example, the United States Post Office Department maintained a United States Postal Agency at the Shanghai consulate through which Americans could use the US Post Office to send mail to and from the US mainland and US territories. Starting in 1919 the 16 current regular US stamps were overprinted for use in Shanghai with the city's name, "China", and amounts double their printed face values. In 1922 texts for two of the overprints were changed, thereby completing the Scott catalogue set of K1-18, "Offices in China".

List of Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council

1. Edward Cunningham (25.5.1852 - 21.7.1853)
2. William Shepard Wetmore (21.7.1853 - 11.7.1854)
3. James Lawrence Man (11.7.1854 - 1855)
4. Christopher Augustus Fearon (1855)
5. William Shepard Wetmore (3.1855 - 1855)
6. William Thorbun (1855 - 1856)
7. James Lawrence Man (1.1856 - 31.1.1857)
8. George Watson Coutts (31.1.1857 - 1.1858)
9. John Thorne (1.1858 - 1.1859)
10. Robert Reid (31.1.1859 - 15.2.1860)
11. Rowland Hamilton (15.2.1860 - 2.2.1861)
12. William Howard (2.2.1861 - 31.3.1862)
13. Henry Turner (31.3.1862 - 4.4.1863)
14. Henry William Dent (4.4.1863 - 25.4.1865)
15. William Keswick (25.4.1865 - 18.4.1866)
16. F.B. Johnson (18.4.1866 - 3.1868)
17. Edward Cunningham (3.1868 - 2.4.1870)
18. George Basil Dixwell (2.4.1870 - 4.4.1871)
19. John Dent (4.4.1871 - 1.1873)
20. Robert Inglis Fearon (1.1873 - 16.4.1874)
21. John Graeme Purdon (16.4.1874 - 1876)
22. Alfred Adolphus Krauss (1876 - 1.1877)
23. J. Hart (1.1877 - 16.1.1879)
24. Robert "Bob" W. Little (16.1.1879 - 30.1.1882)
25. H.R. Hearn (30.1.1882 - 1882)
26. Walter Cyril Ward (1882 - 1883)
27. Alexander Myburgh (1883 - 22.1.1884)
28. James Johnstone Keswick (22.1.1884 - 22.1.1886)
29. A.G. Wood (22.1.1886 - 1889)
30. John Macgregor (1889 - 5.1891)
31. John Graeme Purdon (5.1891 - 1.1893)
32. John Macgregor (1.1893 - 7.11.1893)
33. James Lidderdale Scott (11.1893 - 26.1.1897)
34. Edward Albert Probst (26.1.1897 - 21.4.1897)
35. Albert Robson Burkill (12.5.1897 - 1.1898)
36. James S. Fearon (1.1898 - 8.1899)
    • Joseph Welch, acting (3.8.1898 - 30.11.1898)
37. Frederick Anderson (8.1899 – 1.1900)
38. Edbert Ansgar Hewett (8.1900 - 25.1.1901)
39. John Prentice (26.1.1901 - 25.1.1902)
40. William George Bayne (25.1.1902 - 1904)
41. Frederick Anderson (1904 - 25.1.1906)
42. Cecil Holliday (25.1.1906 - 24.8.1906)
43. Henry Keswick (24.8.1906 - 5.1907)
44. David Landale (5.1907 – 17.1.1911)
45. Harry De Gray (17.1.1911 - 24.1.1913)
46. Edward Charles Pearce (24.1.1913 - 17.2.1920)
47. Alfred Brooke-Smith (17.2.1920 - 17.3.1922)
48. H.G. Simms (17.3.1922 - 12.10.1923)
49. Stirling Fessenden (12.10.1923 - 5.3.1929)
50. Harry Edward Arnhold (5.3.1929 - 1930)
51. Ernest Brander Macnaghten (1930 - 22.3.1932)
52. A.D. Bell (22.3.1932 - 27.3.1934)
53. Harry Edward Arnhold (27.3.1934 - 4.1937)
54. Cornell Franklin (4.1937 - 4.1940)
55. William Johnstone "Tony" Keswick (4.1940 - 1.5.1941)
56. John Hellyer Liddell (1.5.1941 - 5.1.1942)
57. Katsuo Okazaki (5.1.1942 - 1.8.1943)

Notable people born in the International Settlement

• J. G. Ballard, writer. His acclaimed novel Empire of the Sun is set in the International Settlement and other parts of Shanghai.
• Mary Hayley Bell, English actress
• Pat Carney, Canadian politician
• Eileen Chang, Chinese-American writer
• Eunice Crowther, dancer and choreographer
• Edmond H. Fischer, Swiss-American Nobel Prize winner
• Thierry Jordan, French clergyman and Archbishop of Reims
• China Machado, Portuguese-Macanese model, Harpers Bazaar editor, TV producer, designer
• Jane Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch

Relation with the French Concession

The French Concession was governed by a separate municipal council, under the direction of the Consul General. The French Concession was not part of the International Settlement.

ملاحظات

المراجع

الهامش

المصادر

• Bergere, Marie-Claire (2010). Shanghai: China's Gateway to Modernity (in الإنجليزية). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN . Transl. from French by Janet Lloyd.
• Bickers, Robert, "Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai", Allen Lane History.
• Hauser, Ernest O. (1940). Shanghai: City for Sale. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
• Earnshaw, Graham (2012). Tales of Old Shanghai. Earnshaw Books. ISBN .
• Haan, J. H. (1982). "ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 22: 31–64. JSTOR 23889659. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
• Haan, J.H. (1984). "THE SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, 1850-1865: SOME BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24: 207–229. JSTOR 23902774. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

انظر أيضاً

• Astor House Hotel (Shanghai)
• British Supreme Court for China and Japan
• The Bund
• China Marines
• Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai
• Klaus Mehnert
• List of historic buildings in Shanghai
• Richard Sorge
• Shanghai Club
• Shanghai French Concession
• Shanghai Municipal Police
• Tilanqiao Prison (formerly Ward Road Gaol)
• United States Court for China
• When We Were Orphans
• The Blue Lotus
• Empire of the Sun

وصلات خارجية

• Media related to المستوطنة الدولية في شانغهاي at Wikimedia Commons