نباتات خضراء
| نباتات خضراء | |
|---|---|
| An assortment of thallophyte Viridiplantae in a rock pool, Taiwan | |
| التصنيف الفهمي | |
| (unranked): | النواتح |
| (unranked): | نباتات_عتيقة |
| (unranked): |
نباتات_خضراء Cavalier-Smith, 1981 |
| Subgroups | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms made up of the green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged within them. Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. More than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae exist.
In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom, under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally. The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae. Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.
A taxonomic evaluation of eukaryotes based on myosin distribution showed the Viridiplantae lost class-I myosins.
Phylogeny and classification
Leliaert et al. 2012
Simplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.
- Viridiplantae
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- Chlorophyta
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- core chlorophytes
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- Ulvophyceae
- Cladophorales
- Dasycladales
- Bryopsidales
- Trentepohliales
- Ulvales-Ulotrichales
- Oltmannsiellopsidales
- Chlorophyceae
- Oedogoniales
- Chaetophorales
- Chaetopeltidales
- Chlamydomonadales
- Sphaeropleales
- Trebouxiophyceae
- Chlorellales
- Oocystaceae
- Microthamniales
- Trebouxiales
- Prasiola clade
- Chlorodendrophyceae
- Pedinophyceae
- prasinophytes (paraphyletic)
- Pyramimonadales
- Mamiellophyceae
- Pycnococcaceae
- Nephroselmidophyceae
- Prasinococcales
- Palmophyllales
- Streptophyta
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- Charophyta
- Mesostigmatophyceae
- Chlorokybophyceae
- Klebsormidiophyceae
- Charophyceae
- Zygnematophyceae
- Coleochaetophyceae
- Embryophyta (land plants)
Cladogram
Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.
| Viridiplantae/ |
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| Green Algae |
References
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- ^ Copeland HF (1956). . Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6.
- ^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms" (PDF). Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ^ van den Hoek C, Jahns HM (1978). (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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- ^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O (February 2009). "Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 39. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39. PMC 2652445. PMID 19216746.
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- ^ Kim E, Graham LE (July 2008). Redfield RJ (ed.). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS One. 3 (7): e2621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431.
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- ^ Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG (February 2014). "From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23. PMID 24533922.
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- ^ "Viridiplantae". Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
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- ^ Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH (September 2017). "Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (37): E7737–E7745. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMID 28808007.
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خطأ لوا في وحدة:Taxonbar على السطر 140: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
