جاگوار (طائرة)

Jaguar
	Indian Air Force (IAF) 14th Squadron SEPECAT (Breguet/BAC) Jaguar
الدور	Attack aircraft
دولة المنشأ	France/United Kingdom
الصانع	SEPECAT (Breguet/BAC)
أول تحليق	8 September 1968
التقديم	1973
أحيلت للتقاعد	2005 (France) / 2007 (UK) / 2014 (Oman)
الوضع	Active (India)
المستخدم الرئيسي	Indian Air Force (current user); Royal Air Force of Oman (historical); French Air Force (historical); Royal Air Force (historical)
المنتـَج	1968–1981
العدد المنتج	543
ثمن الوحدة	دولار8 million (2008)

سلاح الجوالملكي البريطاني, طائرة جاغوار T4.

طائرة سپكات جاگوار بالإنگليزية: SEPECAT Jaguar, طورت الجاغوار في الاصل كمشروع بريطاني فرنسي مشهجر لإنتاج طائرة تدريب ذات أداء عالي ولكن مواصفاتها غيرت لاحقا لتصبح طائرة قاصفة هجومية. استخدمت في الاصل من قبل القوات الجوية الملكية البريطانية في عام 1973, وسلاح الجوالفرنسي. في عام 1972 لا تزال في الخدمة في سلاح الجوالهندي, وسلاح الجوالملكي في سلطنة عمان.

تستخدم جاغوار في المقام الأول كطائرة للهجوم الأرضي. وتبلغ سرعتها القصوى 990 ميل في الساعة، اما مداها فيزيد عن 500 ميل. وفي الإمكان تزويد طائرة جاغوار بأنواع عديدة من الأسلحة تبعا للمهمة المكلفة بها بما في ذلك القنابل العنقودية والعادية والمسيرة باشعة الليزر. كما تحمل الطائرة على متنها مدفعين من عيار 30 ملم، إضافة إلى صاروخين جو-جومن طراز سايدوايندر. إضافة لذلك فالطائرة مزودة بمعدات للدفاع الإلكتروني.

ويعتبر نظام الملاحة والهجوم المزودة به جاغوار واحدا من أبرز مميزاتها. ويقوم هذا النظام بعرض جميع المعلومات الضرورية على لوح زجاجي مثبت امام قائدها. وقد استخدمت طائرات جاغوار في حرب البلقان عام 1998، كما تم تطويرها بعد حتى استخدمت بنجاح في حرب الخليج عام 1991. وكانت القوات الجوية البريطانية تستخدم عددا من طائرا الجاغوار في القيام بمهام دورية في منطقتي حظر الطيران في العراق.

تم تصدير الجاكوار لعدة دول مثل: إكوادور والهند وسلطنة عمان ونيجيريا., استخدمت جاكوار في الكثير من الصراعات والعمليات العسكرية في موريتانيا وتشاد والعراق والبوسنة، وباكستان, وفي حرب الخليج تم الثناء على طائرة الجاغور لموثوقيتها, ونجاحها في الكثير من المهمات الموكلة لها. بقيت كطائرة هجوم رئيسية حتى 1 يوليو2005, ومع سلاح الجوالملكي لبريطاني حتى نهاية أبريل 2007.. وتم استبدالها بطائرات تورنادو, يوروفايتر تايفون. وداسورافال.

Operational history

India

Jaguar of the Indian Air Force during Cope Thunder exercise in Alaska.

A pair of Indian Air Force Jaguars flying in formation besides a pair of Indian Navy Sea Harriers and a pair of U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornets, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier INS Viraat during Exercise Malabar.

Persian Gulf War

An RAF Jaguar from No. 41 Squadron deployed in the Middle East, taking off to participate in Desert Shield.

An RAF Jaguar deployed in the Middle East, being refuelled on the ground.

Operators

Current

Indian Air Force (IAF) 14th Squadron SEPECAT (Breguet/BAC) Jaguar.

RAFO SEPECAT Jaguar S(O)

الهند

Indian Air Force
- No.خمسة Squadron "Tuskers", IAF Ambala with Direct Supply (i.e. UK built) Jaguar IS and IB from August 1981.
- No.ستة Squadron "Dragons", (Jaguar IM, IS, IB) from 1987.
- No. 14 Squadron "Bulls", IAF Ambala. Operational from September 1980 with loaned RAF Jaguar GR1s and T2s, and re-equipped with Direct Supply Jaguar IS and IBs from March 1981.
- No. 16 Squadron "Cobras". Equipped with Indian-built Jaguar IS and IB from October 1986.
- No. 27 Squadron "Flaming Arrows". Equipped with Indian-built Jaguar IS and IB from June 1985.
- No.224 Squadron "Warlords".

Former operator

A twin-seat Jaguar EB of the Ecuadorian Air Force.

A French Air Force Jaguar during refuelling mission over the Adriatic Sea, in support of Operation Joint Forge.

إكوادور

Ecuadorian Air Force – orderedعشرة single-seat EBs and 2 two-seat ESs in 1974, with the aircraft being delivered in 1977. It purchased ثلاثة ex-RAF Jaguar GR.1s as attrition replacements in 1991.
- Escuadron de Combate 2111 "Aguilas" (Eagles)

فرنسا

French Air Force – all retired
- Escadron de Chasse 3/3 "Ardennes" at Nancy (1977–1987)
- Escadron de Chasse 1/7 "Provence" at St Dizier. Re-equipped with Jaguars in May 1973 and declared operational September 1974. It discarded the Jaguar in July 2005, the last French squadron to operate the Jaguar.
- Escadron de Chasse 2/7 "Argonne" at St Dizier. French Jaguar OCU. Formed October 1974. It was disbanded in June 2001.
- Escadron de Chasse 3/7 "Languedoc" at St Dizier. Received first Jaguars in March 1974 and operational in July 1975. Disbanded July 1997.
- Escadron de Chasse 4/7 "Limousin". Formed April 1980 at St Dizier, but soon moved to Istres. Disbanded July 1989.
- Escadron de Chasse 1/11 "Roussillon" at Toul. Operational March 1976. Disbanded June 1994.
- Escadron de Chasse 2/11 "Vosges" at Toul. Operational June 1977. Disbanded July 1996.
- Escadron de Chasse 3/11 "Corse" at Toul. Received Jaguars February 1975. Disbanded July 1997.
- Escadron de Chasse 4/11 "Jura" at Bordeaux-Mérignac. Formed August 1978, disbanded June 1992.

نيجيريا

Nigerian Air Force ordered 13 Jaguar SNs &خمسة Jaguar BNs in 1983, with delivery from 1984, being operated by a squadron at Makurdi. Withdrawn from use in 1991 as an economy measure.

عُمان

Royal Air Force of Oman purchasedعشرة Jaguar OSs and two Jaguar OBs in 1974, with an identical order following in 1980, supplementing these aircraft by an ex-RAF Jaguar T2 and GR1 in 1982 and 1986 respectively. Oman's Jaguars were brought to full GR3A standards during the 1990s. Oman's last four operational Jaguars were retired onستة August 2014.
- No.ثمانية Squadron RAFO at RAFO Thumrait.
- No. 20 Squadron RAFO at RAFO Thumrait.

SEPECAT Jaguar GR1 XX109 of 54 Squadron

المملكة المتحدة

Royal Air Force – all retired
- No. 2 Squadron. Jaguars replaced 2 Squadron's Phantoms at RAF Laarbruch, Germany in 1976, with a main role of tactical reconnaissance. It re-equipped with Tornado GR1As in 1988.
- No.ستة Squadron formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974, moving to RAF Coltishall in November 1974, serving in the attack role. It moved to RAF Coningsby in April 2006, disbanding in May 2007.
- No. 14 Squadron replaced its Phantoms with Jaguars in 1974, based at RAF Bruggen in Germany. Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1985.
- No. 16 (Reserve) Squadron, the OCU was formed at RAF Lossiemouth by renumbering 226 OCU, later moving Coltishall and finally disbanding in March 2005.
- No. 17 Squadron at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in the strike role with Jaguars from 1975 to 1976, and re-equipped with Tornados in 1984–85.
- No. 20 Squadron formed at RAF Bruggen in February 1977 in the strike role, disbanding in June 1984.
- No. 31 Squadron based at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in 1976 in the strike role. Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1984.
- No. 41 Squadron formed at RAF Coltishall in 1976 in the reconnaissance role. It disbanded in April 2006.
- No. 54 Squadron formed at RAF Lossiemouth in March 1974 in the attack role, moving to RAF Coltishall in August 1974. It disbanded in March 2005.
- No. 226 OCU (Operational Conversion Unit) formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974 and was redesignated No. 16 (Reserve) Squadron in September 1991.
- Jaguar Conversion Team at RAF Lossiemouth (initial OCU).
Empire Test Pilots' School.

Specifications (Jaguar A)

The Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofan engine.

البيانات من Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81, Air Force Tac Recce Aircraft

السمات العامة

الطاقم: One
الطول: 16.83 m (55 ft 2½ in)
بحر الجناحين: 8.68 m (28 ftستة in)
الارتفاع: 4.89 m (16 ft 0½ in)
الباع مساحة: 24.18 m² (260.27 ft²)
Aspect ratio: 3.12:1
الوزن الفارغ: 7,000 kg (15,432 lb)
الوزن القائم: 10,954 kg (24,149 lb)
أقصى وزن اقلاع: 15,700 kg (34,612 lb)
المحرك: 2 × Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofans
- الدفع الجاف: 22.75 kN (5,115 lbf) each
- الدفع بحارق لاحق: 32.5 kN (7,305 lbf) each

الأداء

أقصى سرعة: Mach 1.6 (1,699 km/h, 917 knots, 1,056 mph) at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
نصف قطر القتال: 908 km (490 nmi, 564 mi) (lo-lo-lo, external fuel)
نطاق السفر: 3,524 km (1,902 nmi, 2,190 mi)
سقف الخدمة: 14,000 m (45,900 ft)
Climb to 9,145 m (30,000 ft): 1 min 30 sec

التسليح

المدافع: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA cannons, 150 rounds/gun
النقاط الصلبة:خمسة (4× under-wing and 1× center-line) بقدرة 10,000 رطل (4,500 kغ) والزاد لحمل تباديل من:
- الصواريخ: 8× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each
- المقذوفات:
  - AS.37 Martel anti-radar missiles or
  - AS-30L laser guided air-to-ground missiles.
  - 2× R550 Magic air-to-air missiles on underwing pylons
- القنابل:
  - various unguided or laser-guided bombs or
  - 2× WE177A nuclear bombs
  - 1× AN-52 nuclear bomb
- غيرها: ECM protection pods, Reconnaissance Pod, ATLIS laser/electro-optical targeting pod, external drop tanks for extended range/loitering time

المراجع

Notes

Citations

^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة url
^ Cohen and Dasgupta 2010, p. 83.
^ Lake Air International December 2001, pp. 345–346.
^ Lake Air International December 2001, p. 346.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Wilson p71
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة WAPJ11 p107
^ Taylor 1989, p. 143.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 100.
^ Francillon 2005, p. 25.
^ Jackson 1992, pp. 100–101.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 101.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 102.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 103.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 104.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 105.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة WAPJ11 p111
^ "Omani Air Force to Upgrade Jaguars." Flight Daily News, 16 November 1997.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة flightglobal.com
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة WAPJ11 p94
^ Jackson 1992, p. 95.
^ "RAF Leuchars Welcomes the Typhoon." Royal Air Force,سبعة September 2010. Retrieved: 13 January 2011.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 96.
^ "RAF starts disbanding Jaguar squadrons ahead of Typhoon." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 15 March 2005. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.
^ "Jaguars Depart." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 11 April 2006. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.
^ Jackson 1992, p. 98.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة JAWA80 p106-7
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة wagner 124
^ Donald and Lake 1996, p. 378.

Bibliography

Barrie, Douglas. "A Matter of Survival." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 8–14 April 1998, pp. 30–32.
Barua, Pradeep. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1.
Bowman, Martin W. SEPECAT Jaguar. London: Pen and Sword Books, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-545-5.
Burr, Millard and Robert Collins. Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008. ISBN 1-55876-470-4.
Cirincione, Joseph, Jon B. Wolfsthal and Miriam Rajkumar "Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats." Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Second edition 2005. ISBN 978-0-87003-216-5.
Cohen, Stephen and Sunil Dasgupta. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010. ISBN 0-8157-0402-X.
Croddy, Eric and James J. Wirtz. Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia on Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History – Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. ISBN 1-85109-490-3.
"The Decade of the Shamsher: Part One". Air International, Vol. 35, No. 4, October 1988, pp. 175–183. ISSN 0306-5634.
Donald, David and Christopher Chant. London: Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-295-4.
Donald, David and Jon Lake. World Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft Single Volume Edition. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-874023-95-6.
Eden, Paul. The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
Francillon, René J. "Jaguar: The French Connection". Air International, Vol. 69 No. 3. pp. 20–25. ISSN 0306-5634.
Glenn, Ashley. SEPECAT Jaguar in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-89747-491-0.
Green, William, Gordon Swanborough and Pushpinder Singh Chopra, eds. The Indian Air Force and its Aircraft. London: Ducimus Books, 1982.
Hobbs, David. "British F-4 Phantoms". Air International, Vol. 74, No. 4, May 2008, pp. 30–37. ISSN 0306-5634.
Jackson, Paul. "SEPECAT Jaguar". World Air Power Journal. Volume 11, Winter 1992, pp. 52–111. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1992. ISBN 1-874023-96-4. ISSN 0959-7050.
Lake, Jon. "Mitsubishi T-2: Supersonic Samurai". World Air Power Journal, Volume 18, Autumn/Fall 1994. London:Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-45-X. ISSN 0959-7050. pp. 136–147.
Lake, Jon. "Jaguar in India". Air International, Vol. 61, No. 6, December 2001. pp. 344–347. ISSN 0306-5634.
Lake, Jon. "The Jaguar Sharpens its Claws". Air International, Vol. 59, No. 6, December 2000, pp. 356–360. ISSN 0306-5634.
Lake, Jon. "SEPECAT Jaguar: The RAF's 'newest' Fast Jet: Part 1". Air International, Vol. 53, No. 4, October 1997, pp. 220–229. ISSN 0306-5634.
Lake, Jon. "SEPECAT Jaguar: The RAF's 'newest' Fast Jet: Part 2". Air International, Vol. 53, No. 5, November 1997, pp. 273–280. ISSN 0306-5634.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London: Sampson Low Marston & Co, 1971. ISBN 0-354-00094-2.
Owen, Robert C., ed. Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning, Final Report of the Air University Balkans Air Campaign Study. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-58566-076-0.
Russell Rip, Michael and James Hasik. The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55750-973-5.
Segell, Glen. London: Glen Segell Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-901414-09-4.
Sekigawa, Eiichiro. "Mitsubishi's Sabre Successor". Air International, Vol. 18, No, 3, March 1980, pp. 117–121, 130—131. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634.
Shaked, Haim and Daniel Dishon, eds. Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. 8, 1983–84. Tel Aviv: The Moshe Dayan Center, 1986. ISBN 965-224-006-0.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0705-9.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–90. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1989. ISBN 0-7106-0896-9.
Tellis, Ashley J. India's Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2001. ISBN 0-8330-2781-6.
Wagner, Paul J. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing, 2009. ISBN 1-4349-9458-9.
Wallace, William. Britain's Bilateral Links Within Western Europe. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. ISBN 0-7102-0298-9.
Wilson, Michael. "Britain's Jaguar Emerges." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 16 October 1969, pp. 600–604.
Wilson, Séan and Liam McBride. "Indian Jaguars-Still on the Prowl". Air International, Vol. 77, No. 4, October 2009, pp. 66–71. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
"World News: Jaguar First Flight." Flight International via flightglobal.com, 12 September 1968, p. 391.