پالية

پالي Pāli
पाऴि Pāḷi
النطق	[paːli]
تـُستخدم في	سري لانكا, ميانمار, تايلاند, كمبوديا, لاوس, ڤيتنام, الهند, نيبال, بنگلادش
انقراض اللغة	No native speakers, used as a literary and liturgical language only
عائلة لغات	هندو-أوروبية Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan پالي Pāli; ; ;
نظام الكتابة	No native script; it can be written in various scripts such as Bengali, Burmese, Devanāgarī, Khmer, Lao, Roman Alphabet, Sinhala, Thai, Lanna
أكواد اللغة
ISO 639-1	pi
ISO 639-2	pli
ISO 639-3	pli
	This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

الپالية هي لغة هندية قديمة وتعتبر تطورا للغة الپراكريتية، وهي اللغة التي خط بها أقدم ما وصل إلينا من الأدب البوذي.

Phonology

Vowels

Height	Backness
Height	Front	Central	Back
High	i [i] ī [iː]		u [u] ū [uː]
Mid	e [e], [eː]	a [ɐ]	o [o], [oː]
Low		ā [aː]

Consonants

The table below lists the consonants of Pāli. In bold is the letter in traditional romanisation, in brackets is its IPA pronunciation.

Place of articulation	Manner of articulation
	Stops					Approximants				Fricatives
	Voiceless		Voiced			Non-laterals		Laterals
	Unaspirated	Aspirated	Unaspirated	Aspirated	Nasal	Unaspirated	Aspirated	Unaspirated	Aspirated
Velars	k [k]	kh [kʰ]	g [ɡ]	gh [ɡʱ]	ṅ [ŋ]
Palatals	c [tʃ]	ch[tʃʰ]	j [dʒ]	jh [dʒʱ]	ñ [ɲ]	y [j]
Retroflex	ṭ [ʈ]	ṭh [ʈʰ]	ḍ [ɖ]	ḍh [ɖʱ]	ṇ [ɳ]	r[ɻ]		ḷ [ɭ]	ḷh [ɭʱ]
Dentals	t [t̪]	th [t̪ʰ]	d [d̪]	dh [d̪ʱ]	n [n̪]
Alveolars								l [l]		s [s]
Bilabials	p [p]	ph [pʰ]	b [b]	bh [bʱ]	m [m]
Labiodentals						v [ʋ]
Glottals										h [h]

a-stems

a-stems, whose uninflected stem ends in short a (/ə/), are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases.

	Masculine (loka- "world")		Neuter (yāna- "carriage")
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	loko	lokā	yānaṃ	yānāni
Vocative	loka	lokā
Accusative	lokaṃ	loke
Instrumental	lokena	lokehi	yānena	yānehi
Ablative	lokā (lokamhā, lokasmā; lokato)	lokehi	yānā (yānamhā, yānasmā; yānato)	yānehi
Dative	lokassa (lokāya)	lokānaṃ	yānassa (yānāya)	yānānaṃ
Genitive	lokassa	lokānaṃ	yānassa	yānānaṃ
Locative	loke (lokasmiṃ)	lokesu	yāne (yānasmiṃ)	yānesu

ā-stems

Nouns ending in ā (/aː/) are almost always feminine.

	Feminine (kathā- "story")
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kathā	kathāyo
Vocative	kathe
Accusative	kathaṃ
Instrumental	kathāya	kathāhi
Ablative		kathāhi
Dative		kathānaṃ
Genitive		kathānaṃ
Locative	kathāya, kathāyaṃ	kathāsu

i-stems and u-stems

i-stems and u-stems are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative and accusative cases. The vocative has the same form as the nominative.

	Masculine (isi- "seer")		Neuter (akkhi- "eye")
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	isi	isayo, isī	akkhi, akkhiṃ	akkhī, akkhīni
Vocative	isi
Accusative	isiṃ
Instrumental	isinā	isihi, isīhi	akkhinā	akkhihi, akkhīhi
Ablative	isinā, isito	isihi, isīhi	akkhinā, akkhito	akkhihi, akkhīhi
Dative	isino	isinaṃ, isīnaṃ	akkhino	akkhinaṃ, akkhīnaṃ
Genitive	isissa, isino	isinaṃ, isīnaṃ	akkhissa, akkhino	akkhinaṃ, akkhīnaṃ
Locative	isismiṃ	isisu, isīsu	akkhismiṃ	akkhisu, akkhīsu

	Masculine (bhikkhu- "monk")		Neuter (cakkhu- "eye")
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bhikkhu	bhikkhavo, bhikkhū	cakkhu, cakkhuṃ	cakkhūni
Vocative	bhikkhu
Accusative	bhikkhuṃ
Instrumental	bhikkhunā	bhikkhūhi	cakkhunā	cakkhūhi
Ablative	bhikkhunā	bhikkhūhi	cakkhunā	cakkhūhi
Dative	bhikkhuno	bhikkhūnaṃ	cakkhuno	cakkhūnaṃ
Genitive	bhikkhussa, bhikkhuno	bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhunnaṃ	cakkhussa, cakkhuno	cakkhūnaṃ, cakkhunnaṃ
Locative	bhikkhusmiṃ	bhikkhūsu	cakkhusmiṃ	cakkhūsu

المصادر

ول ديورانت. سيرة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

المراجع

See entries for "Pali" (written by K. R. Norman of the Pali Text Society) and "India--Buddhism" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion, (Sawyer ed.) ISBN 0080431674
Warder, A.K. (1991). Introduction to Pali (third edition ed.). Pali Text Society. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text (link)
de Silva, Lily (1994). Pali Primer (first edition ed.). Vipassana Research Institute Publications. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text (link)
Müller, Edward (1884,1995). Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language. Asian Educational Services. ISBN . Check date values in: |year= (help)

قراءات اضافية

Gupta, K. M. (2006). Linguistic approach to meaning in Pali. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 8175741708
Müller, E. (2003). The Pali language: a simplified grammar. Trubner's collection of simplified grammars. London: Trubner. ISBN 1844530019
Oberlies, T., & Pischel, R. (2001). Pāli: a grammar of the language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Indian philology and South Asian studies, v. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110167638
Hazra, K. L. (1994). Pāli language and literature: a systematic survey and historical study. Emerging perceptions in Buddhist studies, no. 4-5. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 812460004X
American National Standards Institute. (1979). American National Standard system for the romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali. New York: The Institute.
Soothill, W. E., & Hodous, L. (1937). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

انظر أيضاً

Pali literature
International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration

نطقب:LangSA

وصلات خارجية

نطقب:Interwiki

Pāli-English dictionary
Buddhist India by T.W. Rhys Davids, chapter IX, Language and Literature
Pāli at Ethnologue
Pali.dk - A newly started project aimed at creating free online Pāli dictionaries and educational resources.
Pali Text Society
[1] Free searchable online database of Pali literature, including the whole Canon
Resources for reading & writing Pāli in indigenous scripts: Burmese, Sri Lankan, & Cambodian
Complete Pāli Canon in romanized Pali and Sinhala, mostly also in English translation
Pāli Canon selection
A guide to learning the Pāli language
A textbook to teach yourself Pali (by Narada Thera)
A reference work on the grammar of the Pali language (by G Duroiselle)
"Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (requires installation of special fonts)
"Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (UTF-8 encoded)
Free/Public-Domain Elementary Pāli Course--PDF format
Free/Public-Domain Pāli Course--html format
Free/Public-Domain Pāli Grammar (in PDF file)
Free/Public-Domain Pāli Buddhist Dictionary (in PDF file)
Comprehensive list of Pāli texts on Wikisource
Buddhist Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names, HTML version of the book by G.P. Malalasekera, 1937-8
Pāli Text Reader (software)
Jain Scriptures
Pali help at Help.com Wiki
"A Course in the Pali Language," audio lectures by Bhikkhu Bodhi based on Gair & Karunatilleke (1998).