بزانسون (بالفرنسية: Besançon)، مدينة تقع في دوب شرق فرنسا، وهي عاصمة فرانش كونته. لعبت المدينة دورا هاما في العصور الرومانية وجعلت منها التضاريس الجغرافية معقلاً عسكرياً هاماً في شرق فرنسا خاصة أنها على الحدود مع سويسرا وهي أيضاً مركز سياسي وعاصمة دينية.

أعربت كأكثر مدينة خضراء في فرنسا لكثرة وتنوع أشجارها.

لدى مدينة بيزانسون تراث غني تاريخياً وثقافياً ومعمارياً ووضعت على لائحة التراث العالمي ومدينة بزانسون هي مقر ولادة ڤكتور هوگو.

تاريخ

الاسم الجغرافي

التاريخ القديم

العصور الوسطى

عصر النهضة

اوروبا الحديثة

الجغرافيا

المسقط

التضاريس

المناخ

المناطق

• Center (the buckleet and Saint-Jean) – Chapelle des Buis
• Battant
• Bregille
• Vaites – Clairs-Soleils
• Velotte
• Butte – Grette
• Chaprais – Cras
• Palente – Orchamps – Combe Saragosse
• Tilleroyes
• Montrapon – Montboucons – Fontaine-écu
• Planoise – Châteaufarine
• Saint-Claude – Torcols
• Saint-Ferjeux – Rosemont
• Chailluz

الحدائق والمنتزهات

• Jardin botanique de Besançon
• Parc Micaud
• Parc de la Gare d'Eau
• Parc de la Citadelle
• Promenade Granvelle
• Promenade Chamars

السكان

الحكومة والسياسة

الاقتصاد

التعليم

الثقافة

أهم المواقع

• several Roman remains,
• the 16th century Palais Granvelle,
• Vauban's citadel (Citadel of Besançon)
• the Cathedral of St. Jean,
• several Spanish Renaissance-style buildings
• the Église de la Madeleine, and
• the river frontage.

قلعة بزانسون

قلعة بزانسون بناها سيباستيان فوبان 1678–1771 ويزورها حوالي 250000 زائر سنوياً وهي المكان الأكثر زيارة في فرانش كونته ويغطي عدة هكتارات وتقع فوق قمة سانت إيتيان على ازدياد بين 330 و370 م.وتضم القلعة متحف للمقاومة الفرنسية ضد ألمانيا النازية ومتحف الحياة المحلية ومتحف أثري وحديقة حيوانات التي تنتشر في جميع أراتى القلعة.

متاحف أخرى، وأحواض السمك، وحدائق الحيوان

• Museum of Time
• Museum of Franche-Comté
• Museum of Natural history, which contains a zoo, aquarium, insectarium, noctarium, and a climatology exhibit

مراكز الفنون المسرحية

• Opéra Théâtre: construit par Ledoux de 1778 à 1784
• Grand Kursaal
• Nouveau Théâtre – Centre Dramatique National
• Cirque Plume
• Théâtre Bacchus
• Théâtre de la Bouloie
• Théâtre de l'Espace

الأحداث السنوية الثقافية والمعارض

الرياضة

النقل

المواليد

• Claude Goudimel (1510–1572) – Musician, Teacher of Palestrina. Composer of the music for Protestant hymns
• Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517–1586) – Cardinal, statesman and humanist. Counsellor of Charles V, Viceroy of Naples
• Jean-Baptiste Besard (1567-1625?) - Lawyer, Doctor of Medicine and Composer for the Lute
• Jean Mairet (1604–1686) – Dramatist
• Charles Fourier (1772–1837) – Inventor of socialist "phalansteries" (vast communal buildings surrounded by a highly cultivated agricultural area)
• Charles-Etienne Francois Ruty (1777-1828) - Comte, General, Peer - commissioned into the army in 1793 and served at first in northern France and on the Franco-German border. He took part in the Egyptian campaign and commanded the artillery at the battle of Aboukir. He was promoted to brigadier-general in 1807 and served with distinction in Spain, then promoted to Lt General in 1813. In 1815 he rallied to Napoléon but he remained in favour under the Bourbon monarchy. His name is inscribed on the south side of the Arc de Triomphe.
• Charles Nodier (1780–1844) – Writer. Leader of the Romantic movement
• Jean Claude Eugène Péclet (1793–1857) – physicist, gave his name to the Péclet number
• Victor Hugo (1802–1885) – Writer and poet
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)- Journalist (Le Peuple) and author of world-renowned anarchist theories
• Adolphe Braun (1812–1877) - Early photographer
• Hilaire de Chardonnet (1838–1924) – Inventor of artificial silk
• Louis-Jean Résal (1854–1920) – Engineer who built the Pont Mirabeau and the Pont Alexandre III in Paris
• Auguste and Louis Lumière, (1862–1954) and (1864–1948) – Inventors of cinematography
• Tristan Bernard (1866–1947) – Journalist and Humorist
• Albert Seitz (1872–1937) – composer and violist
• Ludovic Arrachart (1897–1933), aviator
• Jean de Gribaldy (1922–1987) – Professional racing cyclist and directeur sportif
• Raymond Blanc (1949– ) – Chef
• Morrade Hakkar (1972– ) – Boxer
• Gaspard Augé (1979– ) – One half of electro group Justice
• Cyril Kali footballer
• Yohann Lasimant footballer
• Lucien Laurent footballer

المصادر الأدبية

• Julius Caesar, in his account Commentarii de Bello Gallico gives a description of the antique city of Besançon, named Vesontio (first book, section 38):

[1.38] When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani, and had advanced three days' journey from its territories. Caesar thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen, for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space, which is not more than 600 قدم (180 م), where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with the town.

• Gary Jennings's novel Raptor, which takes place in the 5th century AD, describes Vesontio lavishly.
• In Stendhal's novel Le rouge et le noir, Julien Sorel, the main character, studies for a while at the Catholic seminary at Besançon (first book, chapters 24 to 30):

Eventually he saw the white walls beyond the distant mountain; it was the citadel of Besançon. "What a difference", he said, sighing, "if I could come into this fine city as a sub-lieutenant of one of these regiments of the post." Besançon is not only one of the prettiest cities in France, but it abounds in brave and intelligent men. Julien, however, was only a little peasant, without any means of approaching distinguished personages.

• In the poem This century was two years old (Les Feuilles d'automne; literally – "The Leaves of Autumn"), Victor Hugo evokes his birth in Besançon:

This century was two years old. Rome was replacing Sparta;

Already Napoleon was emerging from under Bonaparte.

And already the First Consul's tight mask

Had been split in several places by the Emperor's brow.

It was then that in Besançon, that old Spanish town,

Cast like a seed into the flying wind,

A child was born of mixed blood—Breton and Lorraine --

Pallid, blind and mute,...

That child, whom Life was scratching from its book,

And who had not another day to live,

Was me.

• Besançon is where the Touché! series, an Australian series of books that teaches people French, is set. The series is about an Australian boy called Nick, who moves to Besançon after his parents separate. He settles in a street called rue Cézanne where he befriends a French girl called Marianne. She introduces him to other residents of rue Cézanne, such as Ahmed, Annick, François Petitpain, Émile Mesquin, Monsieur Fric, Madame Boulin and Mademoiselle Moh. The first two books of the series take place in Besançon, whilst in the third, Nick visits his uncle in New Caledonia. In the fourth, Nick stays in Quebec, Canada. After the fourth book, Nick returns to Besançon.

• Julian Barnes's novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters features as chapter 3: "Wars of Religion"—a fictional manuscript reportedly from the Archives Municipales de Besançon.

• Balzac's novel Albert Savaron takes place in Besançon.

• Colonel Sainte-Hermine, the fictional hero of Alexandre Dumas' The Last Cavalier, is a native of Besançon.

المدن الشقيقة

• Tver (روسيا)
• Freiburg im Breisgau (ألمانيا)
• Kuopio (فنلندة)
• Huddersfield – Kirklees (المملكة المتحدة)
• Bielsko-Biala (پولندا)
• Neuchâtel (سويسرا)
• Bistriţa (رومانيا)
• پاڤيا (ايطاليا)
• Hadera (إسرائيل)
• Douroula (Burkina Faso)
• Man (Côte d'Ivoire)
• Charlottesville – ڤرجينيا (الولايات المتحدة)

انظر أيضا

• Communes of the Doubs department

المصادر

• INSEE

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Besançon.

• City Council Website (in French)

نطقب:Doubs communes نطقب:Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites